Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

gross II > exam I > Flashcards

exam I Flashcards

(441 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What nerve supplies motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve?

A

Ophthalmic (CN V1)
Maxillary (CN V2)
Mandibular (CN V3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the face and scalp?

A

Ophthalmic branch (CN V1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the cheek and area immediately lateral to the orbit?

A

Maxillary branch (CN V2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which branch of the Trigeminal nerve supplies the chin and temporal region?

A

Mandibular branch (CN V3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the branches of the Ophthalmic nerve?

A 
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
External nasal
Infratrochlear 
Lacrimal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the branches of the Maxillary nerve?

A

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the branches of the mandibular nerve?

A

Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sudden attacks of severe pain in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve
most commonly in maxillary division
hyper sensitivity
second most common in mandibular division
least common in ophthalmic division

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What nerve supplies the occipital region?

A

Greater occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What nerve supplies the upper part of the back and neck?

A

Third occipital nerve (posterior primary ramus of C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What nerve supplies the lower part of the back of the neck?

A

Posterior primary ramus of C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cervical plexus is formed by which anterior primary rami?

A

C1
C2
C3
C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

A 
Lesser occipital (C2)
Greater auricular (C2, C3)
Transverse cervical (C2, C3)
Supraclavicular (C3, C4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?

A

Lesser occipital (C2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which nerve supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear and accompanies the external jugular vein?

A

Great auricular (C2, C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which nerve supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)?

A

Transverse cervical (C2, C3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which nerve supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular (C3, C4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three branches of the supraclavicular?

A

Medial Supraclavicular
Intermediate Supraclavicular
Lateral Supraclavicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus?

A 
Superior root (C1 or C1 and C2)
Inferiorroot (C2, C3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The superior root and inferior root connect to form what?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which nerve descends from the hypoglossal nerve?

A

Superior root (C1 or C1 and C2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The ansa cervicalis supplies which infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the infrahyoid muscle that isn't innervated by the Ansa cervicalis?
Thyrohyoid
26
What nerve innervates the thyrohyoid?
C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve
27
What is the motor and sensory nerve branch that is part of the cervical plexus?
Phrenic nerve
28
What cervical nerves make up the phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5
29
The phrenic nerve supplies motor innervation to...
the diaphragm
30
The phrenic nerve supplies sensory innervation to...
membranes of the thorax and abdomen
31
Where is the phrenic nerve found?
on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene running down into the thorax
32
What is the origin of the platysma?
superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
33
what is the insertion of the platysma?
lower border of the mandible | angle of the mouth
34
what is the nerve supply of the platysma?
cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
35
What is the function of the platysma?
depress the mandible | draws down corner of the mouth
36
what is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?
sternal head from the front of the manubrium | clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle
37
what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
lateral surface of the mastoid process | lateral half of the superior nuchal line
38
what is the nerve supply of the sternocleidomastoid?
accessory nerve (CN XI)
39
what is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?
chief flexor of the head
40
What is the pathological contraction of the sternocleidomastoid where the head is tilted toward and face turned away from the affected side?
Torticollis
41
What is another name for torticollis?
Wry neck
42
What are the three types of torticollis?
Congenital Muscular Spasmodic
43
Which type of torticollis is due to fibrous tissue tumor at or shortly before birth?
Congenital
44
Which type of torticollis is due to a birth injury?
Muscular
45
Which type of torticollis is in adults and due to abnormal tonicity and responds well to chiropractic care?
Spasmodic
46
what is the origin of the trapezius?
external occipital protuberance ligamentum nuchae spinous processes of the seventh cervical all thoracic vertebrae
47
what is the insertion of the trapezius?
lateral third of the clavicle spine of the scapula acromion process
48
what is the nerve supply of the trapezius?
``` accessory nerve (CN XI) C3, C4 from the cervical plexus ```
49
what is the function of the trapezius?
upper: elevates middle: retracts lower: depresses scapula
50
which vein drains the face and scalp and contains a large amount of cerebral blood?
external jugular vein
51
The external jugular vein is formed immediately under which structure?
Parotid gland
52
The external jugular vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
Retromandibular | Posterior auricular
53
The external jugular vein runs down the external surface of which muscle?
Sternocleidomastoid
54
The external jugular vein drains into what?
The subclavian vein
55
What are the tributaries of the external jugular vein?
``` Retromandibular Posterior auricular Posterior external jugular Anterior jugular Transverse cervical Suprascapular ```
56
What causes a prominent external jugular vein?
Congestive heart failure or obstruction of superior vena cava
57
Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
Along the external jugular vein superficial to the sternocleidomastoid
58
What are the major triangles of the neck?
Anterior triangle | Posterior triangle
59
Where is the anterior triangle found?
In front of the sternocleidomastoid
60
Where is the posterior triangle found?
Behind the sternocleidomastoid
61
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Anterior: posterior sternocleidomastoid Posterior: anterior trapezius Inferior: superior middle third of the clavicle
62
What is found inside the anterior triangle?
important visceral structures of the neck
63
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Superior: inferior mandible Anterior: anterior midline Posterior: Anterior sternocleidomastoid
64
What is found inferiorly, at the apex of the anterior triangle?
the jugular notch
65
What forms the roof of the anterior triangle?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia superficial cervical fascia platysma
66
What are the subdivisions of the floor of the anterior triangle?
Submental Submandibular Carotid Muscular
67
Which is the only unpaired subdivision of the anterior triangle?
Submental
68
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
left and right anterior bellies of the digastric | body of the hyoid bone
69
What is the floor of the submental triangle?
mylohyoid muscle
70
What does the submental triangle contain?
minor veins and submental lymph nodes
71
What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?
Inferior border of the mandible | anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric
72
what is the floor of the submandibular triangle?
mylohyoid | hyoglossus
73
What does the submandibular triangle contain?
``` Submandibular gland internal carotid artery facial artery internal jugular vein **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) **vagus nerve (CN X) ```
74
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
Posterior belly of digastric superior belly of omohyoid anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
75
What is the floor of the carotid triangle?
portions of the: thyrohyoid hyoglossus inferior and middle constrictor
76
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
``` common and internal carotid arteries external carotid artery and its branches: -superior thyroid -lingual -facial tributaries of the internal jugular vein ```
77
Where does the common carotid usually bifurcate?
carotid triangle
78
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
superior belly of omohyoid anterior midline of neck anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
79
what is the floor of the muscular triangle?
posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
80
what does the muscular triangle contain?
``` sternohyoid sternothyroid thyroid gland trachea esophagus ```
81
What bone is located between the mandible and the larynx?
hyoid bone
82
Which muscles function to move the hyoid bone and larynx?
infrahyoid muscles
83
Which infrahyoid muscles are in the superficial layer?
omohyoid | sternohyoid
84
Which infrahyoid muscles are in the deep layer?
sternothyroid | thyrohyoid
85
what is the origin of the omohyoid?
upper border of the scapula
86
what is the insertion of the omohyoid?
body of the hyoid
87
what is the innervation of the omohyoid?
ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
88
what is the function of the omohyoid?
depress hyoid bone and larynx
89
what is the origin of sternohyoid?
posterior surface of the manubrium | medial end of the clavicle
90
what is the insertion of the sternohyoid?
body of hyoid
91
what is the innervation of the sternhyoid?
Ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
92
what is the function of the sternohyoid?
Depress hyoid and larynx
93
what is the origin of the sternothyroid?
posterior surface of the manubrium | inferior to sternohyoid
94
what is the insertion of the sternothyroid?
oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
95
what is the innervation of the sternothyroid?
ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, C3)
96
what is the origin of the thyrohyoid?
oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage
97
what is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?
body of hyoid
98
what is the innervation of the thyrohyoid?
C1 through hypoglossal nerve
99
what is the function of the thyrohyoid?
depress hyoid
100
Why do the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid and larynx?
swallowing breathing speech open jaw against resistance(if hyoid is fixed by digastric)
101
What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck and has two major layers?
Cervical fascia
102
What are the two major layers of the cervical fascia?
superficial cervical fascia | deep cervical fascia
103
Which layer of the cervical fascia is a thin layer which encloses the platysma and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins and lymph nodes?
Superficial cervical fascia
104
Which layer of the cervical fascia is subdivided into four different layers?
Deep fascia
105
what are the four layers of deep fascia?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia pretracheal fascia prevertebral fascia carotid sheath
106
Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid anteriorly and the trapezius posteriorly?
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
107
Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia envloses the thyroid gland, trachea and esophagus?
pretracheal fascia
108
Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back and is just posterior to the sympathetic trunk?
prevertebral fascia
109
Which layer of the deep fascia of the cervical fascia extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?
carotid sheath
110
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
``` common carotid artery internal carotid artery (direct continuation of common carotid) internal jugular vein vagus nerve deep cervical lymph nodes ```
111
what are the functions of fascial layers?
provide slippery surface to reduce friction during: - gross movements of the head and neck - swallowing
112
what is the clinical significance of fascial layers?
may be a tunnel for infection -pretracheal fascia may allow infection to spread from head/neck to mediastinum directly cancer involving deep cervical lymph nodes -can compress internal jugular vein
113
What is the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?
superior thoracic aperture
114
what is another name for the superior thoracic aperture?
thoracic inlet
115
what are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
first thoracic vertebra first ribs and their cartilages manubrium of sternum
116
what is the shape of the superior thoracic aperture?
kidney shaped
117
what are the major arteries that pass thought the superior thoracic aperture?
brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery left subclavian artery internal thoracic artery
118
what is the major vein that passes through the superior thoracic aperture?
brachiocephalic vein
119
what are the major nerves that pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
phrenic nerve vagus nerve recurrent laryngeal nerve sympathetic trunk
120
what are the major viscera that pass though the superior aperture?
``` trachea esophagus cervical pleura apex of lung thymus ```
121
why is there a potential for lung collapse with neck injury?
cervical pleura and apex of lung pass through the superior thoracic aperture immediately posterior to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid. if the first rib breaks or there is a penetrating wound of the neck, may cause a lung collapse (atelectasis).
122
what produces t-lymphocytes?
thymus
123
what is the location of the thymus?
behind the manubrium and body of the sternum | inferior to the thyroid gland
124
what muscles lie anteriorly to the thymus?
sternohyoid | sternothyroid
125
what is the blood supply to the thymus?
internal thoracic artery
126
what is the nerve supply of the thymus?
stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk | vagus
127
what is an endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin?
thyroid gland
128
what is the location of the thyroid gland?
cervical vertebra 5 through thoracic vertebra 1
129
what are the three parts of the thyroid gland?
left lobe right lobe isthmus
130
what percentage of people have a pyramidal lobe of their thyroid gland?
50%
131
what is the name of a muscle that some people have that connects the isthmus with the hyoid?
levator glandulae thyroideae muscle
132
what is the blood supply to the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid artery | inferior thyroid artery
133
what is a third artery that only 10% of the population has to the thyroid gland?
thyroid ima artery
134
what does the thyroid ima artery branch from?
brachiocephalic trunk
135
what are the veins from the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid vein middle thyroid vein inferior thyroid vein
136
where does the superior thyroid and middle thyroid vein dump into?
internal jugular
137
where does the inferior thyroid vein dump into?
brachiocephalic vein
138
what is the nerve supply to the thyroid gland?
from the superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
139
what is a goiter?
abnormal enlargement of thyroid which produces swelling of the anterior neck
140
what are the two types of goiters?
endemic | exophthalamic
141
what is an endemic goiter?
due to dietary deficiency of iodine gland enlarges to increase output hormone is highly inactive symptoms of hypothyroidism
142
what is an exophthalamic goiter?
``` due to autoimmune disease thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor site causing overactive gland hormone is active symptoms of hyperthyroidism -graves disease ```
143
what nerve branches off of the vagus nerve and travels up into the neck?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
144
what is and what does the parathyroid gland do?
endocrine gland | calcium homeostasis
145
where is the parathyroid located?
posterior to the thyroid gland
146
what is the blood supply to the parathyroid gland?
inferior thyroid artery | superior thyroid artery
147
what is the innervation of the parathyroid gland?
inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia
148
what factors contribute to the difficulty of thyroid surgery?
parathyroid glands vascularity recurrent laryngeal nerve
149
where does the trachea start?
cervical vertebra 6
150
why are the posterior aspect of the cartilage rings of the trachea open?
to allow expansion of esophagus during swallowing
151
what is the posterior aspect of the cartilage rings spanned by?
trachealis muscle
152
what is the blood supply of the trachea?
inferior thyroid artery
153
what is the nerve supply of the trachea?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
154
where does the esophagus start?
cervical vertebra 6, posterior to the trachea
155
what are the main arteries of the head and neck?
common carotid arteries
156
what does the common carotid artery split into?
internal carotid artery | external carotid artery
157
which branch of the common carotid artery doesn't have any branches within the neck and enters skull through the carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
158
which branch of the common carotid artery is the main source of blood to structures of the neck, face, and scalp?
external carotid
159
what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
``` superior thyroid ascending pharyngeal lingual facial occipital posterior auricular superficial temporal maxillary ```
160
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
superficial temporal | maxillary
161
what is the slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid?
carotid sinus
162
what does the carotid sinus do?
it is a blood pressure sensor (baroreceptor)
163
what is the nerve supply of the carotid sinus?
carotid sinus nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
164
what is a small reddish-brown mass within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?
carotid body
165
what does the carotid body do?
it is a chemoreceptor which detects changes in the chemical makeup of the blood
166
what is the nerve supply of the carotid body?
carotid sinus branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
167
what is the largest vein of the neck?
internal jugular vein
168
where does the internal jugular vein begin?
jugular foramen
169
what is the internal jugular vein a direct continuation of?
sigmoid sinus
170
where does the internal jugular vein drain into?
brachiocephalic vein
171
what is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?
superior jugular bulb
172
what are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
``` inferior petrosal sinus pharygneal facial lingual superior thyroid middle thyroid ```
173
what is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near it is termination into the brachiocephalic vein?
inferior jugular bulb
174
what are the branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
``` tympanic branch to the carotid sinus pharyngeal branch to the stylopharyngeus tonsillar lingual ```
175
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is the sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?
tympanic nerve
176
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to both the carotid sinus and carotid body?
branch to the carotid sinus
177
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus and is sensory to the pharynx?
pharyngeal branch
178
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is motor supply to the stylopharyngeus muscle?
branch to the stylopharyngeus
179
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?
tonsillar branch
180
which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?
lingual branch
181
what are the two ganglia of the vagus nerve in the neck?
superior (jugular) ganglion | inferior (nodose) ganglion
182
what are the branches of the vagus nerve?
``` meningeal auricular pharyngeal superior laryngeal recurrent laryngeal ```
183
Which branch comes from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?
meningeal
184
Which branch comes from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve and is sensory to the auricle, the flood of the external auditory meatus and the typmanic membrane?
auricular
185
Which branch comes from the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve and is the chief motor nerve of the pharynx and the soft palate?
pharyngeal
186
Which branch arises from the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve and divides into two nerves?
Superior laryngeal
187
what are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
internal laryngeal | external laryngeal
188
Which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx?
internal laryngeal nerve
189
which branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor innervation to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?
external laryngeal nerve
190
Which branch of the vagus nerve arises directly from the vagus nerve ascends back into the neck and is sensory innervation to mucous membrane of the larynx and is motor innervation to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
191
Unilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause...
respiratory distress | hoarsness (partial aphonia)
192
Bilateral damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve can cause...
complete aphonia | may result in suffication
193
Causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve are...
trauma during thyroid surgery goiter/thyroid tumor lung tumor (apex of lung) aortic aneurysm (left side only)
194
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is formed by a cranial part which originates from the __________ and a spinal part which originates from the sides of the ___________.
medulla oblongata, spinal cord
195
The spinal part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) ascends through the ________ to join the cranial part then both exit thru the _________.
foramen magnum, jugular foramen
196
The cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) joins what nerve just above the inferior vagal ganglion?
vagus nerve
197
The cranial part of the accessory nerve supplies the vagus nerve with motor fibers which travel thru which branches of the vagus nerve?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus | recurrent laryngeal nerve
198
The spinal part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) is motor innervation to what?
Sternocleidomastoid | Trapezius
199
Which nerve is the motor nerve to the tongue?
hypoglossal nerve
200
The hypoglossal nerve originates from the _________ and exits the skull thru the _________.
medulla oblongata, hypoglossal canal
201
What are the branches of the hypoglossal nerve?
meningeal superior root of the ansa cervicalis nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid lingual
202
which branch of the hypoglossal nerve supply the dura mater?
meningeal
203
which branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies motor innervation to the infrahyoid muscles and consist of mainly C1 fibers?
superior root of the ansa cervicalis
204
which branch of the hypoglossal nerve consists of C1 fibers and is motor innervation to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid?
nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
205
which branch of the hypoglossal nerve is motor innervation to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
lingual
206
Where does the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk begin?
Base of the skull
207
The preganglionic sympathetic fibers which supply structures of the head and neck originate where?
T1 to T3
208
Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse?
Cervical ganglia
209
Postganglionic fibers distribute from cervical ganglia and supply...
blood vessels smooth muscle glands of the head and neck
210
What are the different cervical sympathetic ganglia?
superior middle vertebral cervicothoracic (stellate)
211
which cervical sympathetic ganglion is at cervical vertebrae level 1 - 3 immediately below base of skull and has 3 branches?
superior
212
What are the branches of the superior cervical ganglion?
internal carotid nerve superior cervical cardiac nerve branches to the pharyngeal plexus
213
which cervical sympathetic ganglion lies at the cervical vertebra 6 level and has 1 branch?
middle
214
What is the branch off the middle cervical ganglion?
middle cervical cardiac nerve
215
which cervical sympathetic ganglion is often fused and is at at the level of cervical vertebra 7?
vertebral ganglion
216
which cervical sympathetic ganglion is a fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the first thoracic ganglion and is at the level of cervical vertebra 7 to thoracic vertebra 1?
cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
217
What is the branch off the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion?
inferior cervical cardiac nerve
218
What is a nerve bundle that loops anterior to the subclavian artery connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?
ansa subclavia
219
what is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?
mandible
220
what part of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone?
condylar process
221
what part of the mandible is an area of attachment for muscles of mastication?
coronoid process
222
what is the upper border of the body of the mandible?
alveolar process
223
what is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric?
mastoid process
224
what is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric?
digastric fossa
225
what is the insertion of the digastric
hyoid bone by the intermediate tendon
226
what is the nerve supply of the posterior belly of the digastric?
cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
227
what is the nerve supply of the anterior belly of the digastric?
nerve to the mylohyoid of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
228
what is the function of the digastric?
elevate hyoid | depress mandible when hyoid is fixed
229
what is the origin of the mylohyoid?
mylohyoid line of the mandible
230
what is the insertion of the mylohyoid?
body of the hyoid | median raphe
231
what is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid?
nerve to the mylohyoid of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
232
what is the origin of the geniohyoid?
inferior mental spine
233
what is the insertion of the geniohyoid?
body of hyoid
234
what is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid?
C1 fibers through hypoglossal
235
what is the function of the geniohyoid?
elevate hyoid and tongue
236
what is the origin of the genioglossus?
superior mental spine
237
what is the largest tongue muscle?
genioglossus
238
what is the insertion of the genioglossus?
tip and entire undersurface of tongue
239
what is the origin of the hyoglossus?
body and greater horn of hyoid
240
what is the insertion of the hyoglossus?
sides of the tongue
241
what is the nerve supply of the hyoglossus?
hypoglossal
242
what is the nerve supply of the genioglossus?
hypoglossal
243
what is the function of the genioglossus?
draws tongue forward | protrudes tip of tongue
244
what is the function of the hyoglossus?
draws tongue downward
245
What is it called if part of the hyoglossus takes origin on the lesser horn of the hyoid?
chondroglossus
246
what is the origin of the styloglossus?
styloid process
247
what is the insertion of the styloglossus?
sides of the tongue
248
what is the nerve supply of the styloglossus?
hypoglossal
249
what is the function of the styloglossus?
draws tongue upward and backward
250
What is the origin of the stylohyoid?
styloid process
251
what is the insertion of the stylohyoid?
body of hyoid
252
what is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid?
facial nerve
253
what is the function of the stylohyoid?
elevates hyoid and tongue
254
the submandibular gland wraps around the posterior border what what muscle?
mylohyoid
255
Which part of the submandibular gland is large and lies within the submandibular triangle and submandibular fossa?
superficial part
256
which part of the submandibular gland is small and lies superior to the mylohyoid?
deep part
257
How does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity?
sublingual caruncle
258
where is the sublingual caruncle located?
lateral to the frenulum of the tongue
259
what is the smallest of the three major salivary glands?
sublingual
260
where is the sublingual gland located?
superior to mylohyoid in sublingual fossa
261
where does the sublingual gland empty into?
floor of the mouth along sublingual fold
262
what is the innervation of the submandibular gland?
parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion
263
what is the innervation of the sublingual gland?
parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion
264
what are the nerves associated with the mandible?
lingual glossopharyngeal hypglossal
265
what are the blood vessels associated with the mandible?
lingual artery and vein | facial artery and vein
266
what are the lymph nodes associated with the mandible?
submandibular | submental
267
what are the functions of the nasal cavity?
provide an airway olfaction warming/moistening of inspired air cleansing of inspired air
268
the nasal cavity extends from the _____ anteriorly to the ______ posteriorly.
nostrils (nares), choanae
269
The nasal cavity is divided into a left and right chamber by the _______.
nasal septum
270
What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?
choanae
271
What are the external parts of the nose?
tip root nares alae
272
what are the boundaries of the nasal cavity?
roof floor medial wall (nasal septum) lateral wall
273
what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by?
nasal bone frontal bone cribriform plate of ethmoid bone body of sphenoid bone
274
what is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?
palatine process of maxilla | horizontal plate of the palatine bone
275
what is the medial wall (nasal septum) of the nasal cavity formed by?
septal cartilage perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone vomer
276
What is a deviated septum?
when the nasal septum does not lie in median plane
277
what are causes of a deviated septum?
congenital malformation birth injury postnatal trauma
278
What is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity formed by?
``` nasal bone frontal process of the maxilla lacrimal bone ethmoid bone inferior nasal concha perpendicular plate of the palatine bone medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone ```
279
What is a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha which receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus?
sphenoethmoidal recess
280
which meatus receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells?
superior meatus
281
which meatus receives the openings of the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, middle ethmoidal cells and anterior ethmoidal cells?
middle meatus
282
what is the rounded projection into the middle meatus and middle ethmoidal cells open into it?
ethmoidal bulla
283
what is the curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus that has the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells and maxillary sinus open into it?
hiatus semilunaris
284
which meatus receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
inferior meatus
285
what connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity?
nasolacrimal duct
286
What does the nasal vestibule contain?
hair sebaceous glands sweat glands
287
what is considered the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
lower two thirds of the nasal cavity
288
what is considered the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
superior nasal concha and upper one third of nasal septum
289
what does the olfactory region contain?
fibers of the olfactory nerve (CN 1)
290
what is the general sensory innervation of the nasal cavity?
branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
291
what is the autonomic innervation of the nasal cavity?
prerygopalatine ganglion
292
what is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?
sphenopalatine branch of maxillary artery | anterior ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic artery
293
What is epistaxis?
a nose bleed commonly due to richness of blood supply or due to hypertension, blood disorders, cocaine abuse
294
what are the two forms of epistaxis?
mild: in/near vestibule caused by minor trauma/low humidty severe: spurting arterial blood from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery by major trauma
295
where do the lymph nodes of the nasal cavity drain into?
deep cervical nodes
296
What are cavities found within the bones of the face developed as outgrowths of the nasal cavity?
paranasal sinuses
297
Why do paranasal sinuses form?
wolffs law | reduce weight of skull
298
what are the paranasal sinuses?
frontal maxillary sphenoidal ethmoidal
299
which sinus opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct?
frontal
300
which is the largest sinus which opens into the hiatus semilunaris and is the only sinus to possibly be present at birth?
maxillary
301
which sinus opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
sphenoidal
302
the posterior ethmoidal cells open into what?
superior meatus
303
the middle ethmoidal cells open into what?
ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus
304
the anterior ethmoidal cells open into what?
hiatus semilunaris in middle meatus
305
Sinusitus
nasal cavity infection spread to the paranasal sinuses
306
acute pharygitis
nasal cavity infection spread to the nasopharynx through the choanae (sore throat)
307
conjunctivitis
nasal cavity infection spread to lacrimal apparatus and conjuctiva via nasolacrimal duct (pink eye)
308
otitis media
nasal cavity infection spread to middle ear via pharyngotympanic tube
309
menignitis
nasal cavity infection spread to anterior cranial fossa via cribriform plate (brain abscess)
310
mastoiditis
nasal cavity infection spread to mastoid air cells via aditus from middle ear
311
what is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
oropharyngeal isthmus
312
what are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?
oral vestibule | oral cavity proper
313
which part of the oral cavity lies between lips/cheek and gums (portion external to the tooth rows)?
oral vestibule
314
which part of the oral cavity lies internal to the tooth rows?
oral cavity proper
315
what are the openings into the oral vestibule?
labial glands | parotid duct
316
what is the median groove seen externally which extends from teh nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip?
philtrum
317
muscle of the lips
orbicularis oris
318
muscle of the cheeks
buccinator
319
glands of the cheeks
buccal glands
320
what are the foramina of the hard palate?
incisive greater palatine lesser palatine
321
The hard palate is covered by a...
mucoperiosteum
322
the center of the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is a...
palatine raphe
323
at the end of the palatine raphe of the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate is the...
incisive papilla
324
what extend laterally within the mucoperiosteum of the hard palate and aid in gripping food against the tongue during mastication?
transverse palatine folds
325
what two arches is the soft palate continuous with?
palatoglossal arch | palatopharyngeal arch
326
what is the median projection of the soft palate?
uvula
327
what lies between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches on each side?
tonsillar fossa
328
what does the tonsillar fossa contain?
palatine tonsils
329
what is the origin of the musculus uvulae?
posterior nasal spine
330
what is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?
mucous membrane of uvula
331
what is the nerve supply of the musculus uvulae?
vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
332
what is the function of the musculus uvulae?
elevates uvula
333
what is the origin of the levator veli palatini?
inferior surface of temporal bone
334
what is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?
aponeurosis of soft palate
335
what is the nerve supply of the levator veli palatini?
vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
336
what is the function of the levator veli palatini?
elevates soft palate
337
what is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?
scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid plate | pharyngotypmanic tube
338
what is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?
the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis of the soft palate
339
what is the nerve supply of the tensor veli palatini?
mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)
340
what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses soft palate | opens pharyngotympanic tube
341
what is the nerve supply of the hard palate?
greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
342
what is the nerve supply of the soft palate?
lesser palatine nerve
343
what is the blood supply of the hard palate?
greater palatine artery (from maxillary)
344
what is the blood supply of the soft palate?
lesser palatine and facial arteries
345
How do you diagnose nerve damage of the vagus nerve?
whichever side is damaged, the uvula will deviate to the opposite side due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae
346
what are the functions of the tongue?
taste mastication swallowing speech
347
what is a v-shaped groove which divides the tongue into two parts?
sulvus terminalis
348
what are the two parts of the tongue?
oral | oropharyngeal
349
what is a foramen located at the apex of the sulcus terminalis?
foramen cecum
350
The foramen cecum is the remnants of what?
embryonic thryoglossal duct
351
what is the shallow groove visible on the surface of the tongue?
median groove
352
what is a mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?
lingual tonsil
353
what are the three folds of the epiglottis?
median glossoepiglottic fold (1) | lateral glossoepiglottic fold (2)
354
what is the space on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold?
vallecula
355
what is ankyloglossia?
being tongue tied
356
nerves, vessels, and extrinsic muscles enter or leave the tongue through what part?
the root
357
what is the origin of the palatoglossus?
soft palate
358
what is the insertion of the palatoglossus?
sides of the tongue
359
what is the nerve supply of the palatoglossus?
vaugs nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
360
what is the function of the palatoglossus?
elevate back of tongue
361
what are 3/4 extrinsic tongue muscles that are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve?
genioglossus hyoglossus styloglossus
362
the anterior two thirds of the tongue have general sensation thru which nerve?
lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve)
363
the anterior two thirds of the tongue taste by which nerve?
chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve)
364
the posterior third of the tongue tastes and has general sensation thru which nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
365
what is the blood supply of tongue?
lingual artery and vein
366
the lingual artery comes from which artery?
external carotid
367
the lingual vein drains to where?
internal jugular
368
the lymph nodes of the tongue are...
submental submandibular deep cervical
369
all lymph nodes of the tongue drain to...
deep cervical nodes
370
what is the hardest part of the tooth?
enamel
371
what is internal to the enamel of a tooth?
dentin
372
what fills the central cavity of the tooth and contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic which enter at the apex of the root?
pulp
373
what is the bone-like substance which covers the root of the tooth?
cementum
374
what is the visible part of the tooth that is covered by the enamel?
crown
375
what is the junction of a tooth between the crown and the root?
neck
376
what is the part of the tooth that is embedded int he alveolar process of the maxilla and mandible covered by cementum?
root
377
what is the specialized oral mucosa which surrounds the teeth and covers adjacent alveolar bone?
gingivae (gums)
378
what is the surface of the tooth that faces anteriorly or toward midline?
mesial surface
379
what is the surface of the tooth that faces posteriorly or away from midline?
distal surface
380
what is the chewing surface of the tooth?
occlusal surface
381
what is the "baby" set of teeth?
deciduous teeth
382
what is the nerve supply of the maxillary teeth?
superior alveolar branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
383
what is the nerve supply of the mandible teeth?
inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal
384
tooth ache affects...
only 1 tooth
385
trigeminal neuralgia affects...
the whole row of teeth
386
what are the boundaries of the pharynx?
base of skull | inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
387
what are the three parts of the pharynx?
naso- oro- laryngopharynx
388
the nasopharynx communicates with the nasal cavity thru the...
choanae
389
the nasopharynx communicates with the oropharynx thru the....
pharyngeal isthmus
390
what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?
roof of pharynx soft palate posterior border of the inferior nasal concha posterior wall of pharynx
391
the nasopharynx lies what vertebral level?
cervical vertebra 1
392
what are embedded into the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
393
the phayngotympanic tube opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and is limited by what cartilaginous structure?
torus tubarius
394
what is the small tonsil which lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube?
tubal tonsil
395
what is a fold which descend from the torus tubaris to the wall of the pharynx?
salpingopharyngeal fold
396
what is the muscle just deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold?
salpingopharyngeus msucle
397
what are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
soft palate superior border of the epiglottis palatoglossal fold posterior wall of the pharynx
398
what vertebral level is the oropharynx at?
cervial vertebrae 2 and 3
399
the oropharynx communicates with the oral cavity thru the....
oropharyngeal isthmus
400
the oropharyngeal isthmus is bound by the....
palatoglossal folds
401
what is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal and pharyngeal tonsils?
tonsillar ring
402
what is the function of the tonsillar ring?
first line of defense agaisnt infection
403
what are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx?
superior border of the epiglottis lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus posterior surface of the larynx posterior wall of the pharynx
404
what is the opening to the larynx within the laryngopharynx?
laryngeal inlet
405
the laryngeal inlet is bounded laterally by the _________ and inferiorly by the _________.
aryepiglottic folds, interarytenoid notch
406
what is the recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx located on either side of the laryngeal inlet which creates a channel for passage of food around inlet?
piriform fossa (recesss)
407
what is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?
cricoid cartilage | thryoid cartilage
408
what is the insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
409
what is the nerve supply of the inferior constrictor muscle?
``` vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus external laryngeal nerve ```
410
what is the function of inferior constrictor muscle?
contracts pharynx during swallowing
411
what is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?
greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone
412
what is the insertion of the middle constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
413
what is the nerve supply of the middle constrictor muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
414
what is the function of the middle constrictor muscle?
contracts pharynx during swallowing
415
what is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?
medial pteyrgoid plate alveolar part of mandible side of tongue
416
what is the insertion of the superior constrictor muscle?
pharyngeal raphe
417
what is the nerve supply of the superior constrictor muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus
418
what is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?
contracts the pharynx during swallowing
419
what is the specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor which helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing?
palatopharyngeal sphincter
420
what is the muscle that passes between the middle and superior constrictor muscles?
stylpharyngeus muscle
421
what is the origin of the stylpharyngeus muscle?
styloid process
422
what is the insertion of the stylpharyngeus muscle?
thyroid cartilage | some fibers blend with those of the constrictors
423
what is the nerve supply of the stylpharyngeus muscle?
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
424
what is the functioin of the stylpharyngeus muscle?
elevate pharynx
425
what is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
soft palate
426
what is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
wall of pharynx | thyroid cartilage
427
what is the nerve supply of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via pharyngeal plexus
428
what is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?
elevate pharynx | narrow oropharynx
429
what is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
torus tubarius | opening of pharyngotympanic tube
430
what is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
wall of pharynx
431
what is the nerve of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
vagus nerve (CN X) via phayrngeal plexus
432
what is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
elevates pharynx | opens pharyngotympanic tube
433
The pharyngeal plexus is formed by...
pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X) pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
434
which nerve supplies motor innervation of the pharynx?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)
435
which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
436
what are the arteries of the pharynx?
ascending pharyngeal | maxillary
437
what is the layer of fascia which surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia?
buccopharyngeal fascia
438
what is the layer of fascia which lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngobasical fascia
439
what is the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and prevertebral fascia and extends downward to permit free movement of the pharynx and esophagus during swallowing?
retropharyngeal space
440
what is deglutition?
swallowing
441
what is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing

gross II (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions