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Anatomy > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

(125 cards)

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1
Q

What’s the study of the structure of living organism?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What considers the organization as segments or major parts based on form and mass?

A

Regional (topographical anatomy)

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3
Q

What considers the organization of the body’s organs into systems that work?

A

Systemic anatomy

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4
Q

What emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function by taking regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application?

A

Clinical (applied) anatomy

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5
Q

What body system forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; site of cutaneous receptors, and sweat and oil glands?

A

Integumentary system

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6
Q

What body system protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; and stores minerals?

A

Skeletal system

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7
Q

What body system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; and produces heat?

A

Muscular system

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8
Q

What body system is a fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

Name the body system: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

A

Endocrine system

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10
Q

Name the body system: blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

A

Cardiovascular system

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11
Q

Name the body system: Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; house WBCs involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

A

Lymphatic System/Immunity

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12
Q

Name the body system: keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory system

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13
Q

Name the body system: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells: indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

A

Digestive system

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14
Q

Name the body system: eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

A

Urinary system

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15
Q

Name the body system: overall function is production of offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; remain structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

A

Reproductive system

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16
Q

What refers to the bottom of the foot?

A

Sole

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17
Q

What refers to the flat side of the hand?

A

Palm

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18
Q

What refers to the superior or posterior portion of any part of the body that protrudes anteriorly from the body?

A

Dorsum

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19
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on both sides of the body?

A

Bilateral

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20
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on one side of the body?

A

Unilateral

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21
Q

What term is used to describe occurring on the same side of the body?

A

Ipsilateral

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22
Q

What term is used to describe the opposite side of the body?

A

Contralateral

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23
Q

What two cavities is the dorsal cavity subdivided into?

A

Cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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24
Q

What are the thoracic cavity subdivisions?

A

Mediastinum, pleural cavities, and pericardial cavities

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25
What are the adominopelvic cavity subdivisions?
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
26
What is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great blood vessels?
Parietal pericardium
27
What's the general term used to describe surrounding the organ?
Visceral pericardium
28
Give two examples of flat bones
(1) Carpals of the wrist | (2) Tarsals of the foot
29
What reduces the angle between bones?
Flexion
30
What increases the angle between bones?
Extension
31
What occurs when the extension goes beyond the normal upright position?
Hyperextension
32
What is movement of the limb away from the midline of the body?
Abduction
33
What is movement of the limb towards the midline of the body?
Adduction
34
What is the term used to describe "moving the distal portion of a limb in a circular direction?"
Circumduction
35
What is the turning of a bone around its long axis also in a circular pattern?
Rotation
36
Supination and pronation refer to the movement of the _(1)_____ around the _(2)______.
(1) Radius | (2) Ulna
37
What's the term used to describe the sole of the foot facing medially?
Inversion
38
What's the term used to describe the sole of the foot facing laterally?
Eversion
39
Protraction and retraction are _______ movements of the bone anteriorly or posteriorly
Non-angular
40
__(a)____ and _(b)______ are movements of a body superiorly or inferiorly
(a) Elevation | (b) Depression
41
What is the action that occurs when the thumb moves to touch the tips of the other digits?
Opposition
42
Name gliding/plantar joints
Carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the ankle
43
Name two hinge joints
Knee and elbow
44
Name condyloid joints
Metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges
45
Give an example of a saddle joint
Thumb (Metacarpal and Trapezium)
46
Give examples of pivot joints
Atlas and axis or the radius and ulna
47
Give examples of ball and socket joints
Shoulder and hip
48
When the ligaments of a joint are stretched or torn what is this called?
Sprain
49
When the tendons of a joint are stretched or torn what is this called?
Strain
50
What areas of your body are most vulnerable to sprains?
Ankles, knees, and wrists
51
What types of sports puts an individual at risk for strains?
Soccer, football, hockey, boxing, wrestling and other contact sports
52
What's it called when bones are forced out of alignment?
Dislocation
53
What is a partial dislocation of a joint called?
Subluxation
54
What is inflammation of a tendon sheath?
Bursitis and tendonitis
55
What is an inflammatory or degenerative disease which damages the joints?
Arthritis
56
People who have ______ usually have overly flexible joints and stretchy, fragile skin, and bruise easily.
Ehler-Danlos syndrome (EDS)
57
Integumentary system: What's responsible for light-touch sensation (tells us what we're touching)?
Meissner's corpuscle
58
Integumentary system: What tells us how we're touching something (light, hard)
Pacinian corpuscle
59
Bare nerve endings help us do what?
Feel pain and temperature
60
Eccrine glands secretes their products into ____ _____.
hair follicles
61
What are the two types of hair?
Terminal hair - dark hair on head, armpits, legs | Vellus hair - light hair like what babies have, peach fuzz
62
T or F: arrector pilli pulls on both terminal and vellus hair.
True
63
What type of skin covers the hands and sole of the feet? Consists of five layers
Thick skin
64
What type of skin covers the rest of the body and only has four layers?
Thin skin
65
What layer does thin skin lack?
Stratum lucidum
66
What's the term used to describe thin superficial layer made up of areolar connective tissue?
Papillary
67
What's the term used to describe deeper and thicker layer made of dense irregular connective tissue?
Reticular
68
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Eccrine and Apocrine
69
What are larger sweat glands that secrete sweat into hair follicles?
Apocrine
70
What gland is a coiled gland that sits below the surface of the skin and secretes sweat from a long tubular structure onto the skin?
Eccrine gland
71
How many bones are there in the human body
206
72
The axial includes what?
Skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage
73
The appendicular includes what?
Upper extremities and lower extremities
74
Give some examples of long bones.
Arm, leg, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges
75
Give some examples of short bones
Wrist and ankle
76
Give some examples of flat bones
Sternum and skull
77
Give some an example of irregular bones
Vertebrae
78
Give an example of round (sqamousal) bone
Knee cap
79
List five functions of bones
(1) Support (2) Protection (3) Movement (4) Mineral Storage (5) Blood Cell Formation
80
What is an opening in the bones that provides a passage way for nerves and blood?
Foramen
81
What is a shallow depression in the bone?
Fossa
82
What is a groove or furrow?
Sulcus
83
What is a canal or long tube-like passageway?
Meatus
84
What is a narrow slit?
Fissure
85
What is a cavity in a bone?
Sinus
86
What are the four sinus cavities in the skull?
Frontal, maxilla, ethmoid and sphenoid
87
What muscle type controls voluntary muscle and displays light and dark bands giving the appearance of stripes or striations?
Skeletal muscle
88
What muscle type is only found in the heart, have striations, and are involuntary?
Cardiac muscle
89
What muscle type can be found in the walls of hollow visceral organs like the stomach and bladder. Lacks striations, and is involuntary?
Smooth muscle
90
What is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the opposing muscles?
Peristalsis
91
What are the nerves that innervate the smooth muscles
Varicosities
92
What are automatic movement controlled by reflexive stimuli?
Reflexive contraction
93
What is a slight contraction of the muscles, even when relaxed, that do not produce movement but give muscles firmness to maintain posture and joint stability while awaiting muscle stimuli called?
Tonic contraction
94
What are active contractions that cause either a change in length or change in tone
Phasic contractions
95
If muscle tension develops but the load is not moved then this is called what?
Isometric
96
When muscle tension overcomes the load allowing the muscles to contract and move the load this is called what?
Isotonic contraction
97
What's the term used to describe movement occurring as a result of muscle shortening?
Concentric
98
What's the term used to describe movement occurring as a result of muscle lengthening?
Eccentric
99
T or F: one nerve can motivate multiple muscle fibers.
True
100
What's a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement?
Prime movers/agonists
101
What muscles help prime movers by adding extra force to the movement or reducing indescribable or unnecessary movements?
Synergists
102
What muscles oppose or reverse particular movement?
Antagonsists
103
What functions as synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscle's origin?
Fixators
104
The fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
Circular
105
What's the term used to describe muscles with a broad origin but converge toward a single tendon?
Convergent
106
What's the term used to describe the long axis of the fascicles running down the long axis of the muscle?
Parallel
107
What's it called when two origins fuse together to make one origin?
Fusiform
108
``` Arrangement of fascicles: Give an example of the following (a) circular (b) convergent (c) parallel (d) fusiform ```
(a) orbicularis oculi (b) Pectoralis Major (c) Satorius (d) Biceps brachii
109
Give an example of a muscle for the following: (a) unipennate (b) bipennate (c) multipennate
(a) extensor digitorum longus (b) rectus femorus (c) deltoid
110
A person that does not have a working lymphatic system has ________.
Lymphedema
111
List two functions of the lymphatic system
(1) transports lymph throughout the body | (2) Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
112
The CNS is comprised of what?
The brain and spinal cord
113
What does the PNS do?
It carries sensory input to and motor input away from the CNS
114
Impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints are called what?
Somatic | Ex: broken bone
115
Impulses from the organs within the ventral body cavity are called what?
Visceral | Ex: heartburn
116
Somatic is also known as _____
Voluntary nervous system
117
Visceral/Autonomic is also known as _______
Involuntary nervous system
118
What regulates the body functions that prepare the body for fight or flight response?
Sympathetic
119
What does the opposite of the sympathetic usually leading to a conservation of energy?
Parasympathetic
120
What's the order of the cranial nerves?
``` Olfactory nerve (I) Optic nerve (II) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear (Auditory) nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) ```
121
List the characteristics of each cranial nerve
Olfactory - smell Optic - vision Oculomotor - movement of the eye Trochlear - movement of eye Trigeminal - Made up of the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular Nerves Abducens - movement of the eye Facial - controls muscles of the face and taste Auditory (vesibulocochlear) - hearing Glossopharyngeal - reflexes of the heart, taste and swallowing Vagus - helps to regulate the heart lungs, and digestive organs Accessory - responsible for the motor innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle Hypoglossal - muscles of the tongue
122
What type of cells produce a fibrous protein that allows the skin to have its protective effect?
Kertinocytes
123
What type of cell is spider shaped and produces a dark pigment?
Melanin
124
What type of cell is spiked and important for touch sensation?
Merkel
125
What type of cell is star-shaped and act as macrophages to help our immune system?
Langerhan's cells

Anatomy (3 decks)

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