EXAM I Flashcards
(30 cards)
Presbyopia
refers to age-related change in vision. The lens of the eye become less elastic and this creates less efficient accommodation of near and distant vision.
Presbycusis
refers to age related progressive hearing loss.
Decrements in vision and hearing can affect communication ability.
Age related macular degeneration
which is the deterioration of central vision is the leading cause of severe vision loss in older adults.
Non-aging related hearing loss
can be attributed to cerumen impaction, infection, occurrence of a foreign body, or otosclerosis.
Functional assessment
(3 signs)
(2 approaches)
Identifies an older adult’s ability to perform
self-care
self-maintenance
physical activities
There are two approaches involved:
Ask questions about ability.
Observe ability through evaluating task completion.
Short-term memory
is limited in capacity and information remains for only a few seconds. Older adults can hold approximately 5– 9 pieces of information in short-term memory, such as a phone number.
Long term memory
Is much more expansive than short-term memory
No limit as to how long information can be stored here
2 subgroups of long term memory
declarative and nondeclarative
Declarative memory
Factual information that can be declared and is divided into 3 types:
Episodic (events)
Semantic (concepts)
Lexical (word)
Nondeclarative memory
Includes motor skills, cognitive skills, reflex responses, priming, and conditioning responses.
Repetition typically strengthens nondeclarative memory
Healthy People 2020: Health Promotion
Exercise
* 30 minutes cumulative exercise most days
Nutrition
- Older adults vulnerable to both obesity and malnutrition
- Social isolation, dental problems, medical disease, and medication contribute to malnourishment
Re-engagement
The 7 most common conceptualization of wellness
Physical: Exercise, eat a well-balanced diet, get enough sleep, protect yourself
Emotional: Express feelings, acknowledge stress, channel positive energy
Intellectual: Embrace lifelong learning, discover new skills and interests
Vocational: Do something you love, balance responsibilities with satisfying ways to occupy yourself
Social: Laugh often, spend time with family and friends, join a club, respect cultural differences
Environmental: Recycle daily, use energy-efficient products, walk or bike, grow a garden
Spiritual: Seek meaning and purpose, take time to reflect, connect with the universe.
Diagnosis of major depression
(5 or more in a 2 week period)
Sadness, lack of enjoyment in activities, significant weight loss, sleep disturbance, restlessness, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness, impaired ability to think clearly, suicide ideation or attempt
Coronary Heart Disease
caused by
risk factors
caused by hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels of the heart (atherosclerosis), resulting in an impaired blood supply to the myocardium.
risk factors: hypertension, race (especially African American males with HTN), high-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, family history, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and stressful environment.
Congestive Heart Failure
reduce risk:
symptoms
reduce risk: exercise, no smoking, fruits & veggies, maintain healthy weight, manage stress, limit alcohol
symptoms: SOB, edema, coughing, fatigue, anorexia, confusion, increased HR
Peripheral Artery Disease most common risk factors: can lead to Interventions:
most common peripheral vascular disease
risk factors: same as CHD, diabetes, smoking are the two main ones
Most common sign is cramping in legs when walking or climbing stairs (called intermittent claudication).
can lead to CHD and bigger risk for stroke and heart a attack
Interventions: change lifestyle to heart healthy living, can talk to doctor about medical treatments
HTN
Risk factors:
lifestyle treatment
meds
Risk factors: family history, ethnicity, poor diet, being overweight, excessive alcohol intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and certain medications
Lifestyle Treatment: limit alcohol, limit Na+, stop smoking, do aerobic activity
MEDS: diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitor, Ca+ channel blocker, vasodilator
Stroke also known as risk factors lifestyle factors assessment tools NI
also known as cerebrovascular accident is the third leading cause of death in the united states.
risk factors are: increased age, hypertension (most significant), smoking, diabetes, and atherosclerosis
lifestyle factors that are associated with increased risk for stroke: heavy alcohol use, cigarette smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diet
can minimize the risk for stroke if you treat hypertension, use statin therapy for cholesterol, use warfarin if you have atrial fibrillation, modify lifestyle risk factors
assessment tool is fast: F-facial droop, A-arm, S-speech, T-time
nursing interventions: CT scan
stroke can result in hemiplegia, hemiparesis, visual and perceptual deficits, language deficits, emotional changes, trouble swallowing, bowel and bladder issues
stress Incontinence
involuntary loss of urine during activities that increase intra abdominal pressure (sneezing, coughing).
urge incontinence:
urge incontinence: strong abrupt desire to void and the inability to stop leakage in order to have time to go to the bathroom.
overflow incontinence:
overflow incontinence: over distention of the bladder due to abnormal emptying
functional incontinence:
functional incontinence: factors external to the lower urinary tract like cognitive impairment, physical disability, and environmental barriers.
Aphasia
Aphasia- an acquired language impairment, occurs where there is damage to the language center of the brain.
DEMENTIA
as memory loss accompanied by speech and language impairment
