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Toxicology > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the technical definition of a drug?

A

any substance that produces a change in function in a living organism

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2
Q

What is toxicology?

A

study of adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and ecosystem

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3
Q

What is the generic name of Tylenol?

A

Acetaminophen

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4
Q

What is the chemical name of Tylenol?

A

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol

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5
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

intended physiological effect of the drug

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6
Q

Indication

A

medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used

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7
Q

Contraindication

A

conditions for which the drug should NOT be used

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8
Q

Caution

A

conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects

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9
Q

Side effect

A

unintended effects other than therapeutic effect

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10
Q

Adverse effect

A

a side effect that is negative

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11
Q

Toxic effect/toxicity

A

adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning

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12
Q

Interaction

A

Drugs, supplements or foods that may alter the effect of the drug, and should not be given at the same time

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13
Q

Site of action

A

where the drug exerts its effect

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14
Q

Mechanism of action

A

how a drug produces its effects

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15
Q

Agonists

A

drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an action

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16
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs that bind to specific receptors, prohibiting an effect

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17
Q

Competitive antagonism

A

when both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and re administered together

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18
Q

What is an example of competitive antagonism?

A

treating drug overdose

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19
Q

What is the drug action determined by?

A

dose and frequency

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20
Q

What is the ceiling effect?

A

maximal response reached

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21
Q

What is Effective Dose 50 (ED50)?

A

dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response

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22
Q

What is ED50 used for?

A

to compare potency of drugs

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23
Q

Minimum dose

A

smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect

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24
Q

Maximum dose

A

largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect WITHOUT toxicity

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25
Q

Loading Dose

A

initial high dose used to quickly elevate blood levels of the drug

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26
Q

Maintenance dose

A

dose required to keep the drug blood levels steady in order to maintain desired effect

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27
Q

What was the first attempt to protect consumors?

A

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

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28
Q

1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

A

authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standars for food, and conduct factory inspections

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29
Q

1951 FD&C Durham-Humphrey Amendment

A

defined drugs that could only be purchased with the prescription from a licensed practitioner

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30
Q

1958 FD&C Food Additives Amendment

A

approval of new food additives was required & safety determined by manufacturer before they could be marketed

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31
Q

What are exceptions to the food additives amendment?

A
  • substances classified as “generally recognized as safe”

- substances previously approved for use in other food

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32
Q

1960 FD&C Color Additives Amendment

A

all colors must be approved

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33
Q

1962 FD&C Kefauver-Harris Amendment

A

required the use of standard labeling listing adverse reactions and contraindications
-also required to prove their drugs’ safety and effectiveness

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34
Q

1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act

A

regulate dispensing of drugs that have the potential for abuse
==>5 schedules

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35
Q

1994 Dietary Supplements Health & Edu Act

A

FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market

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36
Q

1996 Food Quality Protection Act

A
  • reinvestigated pesticide tolerance levels

- developed stricter pesticide safety standards

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37
Q

What are the 2 requirements every drug must fulfill prior to FDA approval?

A
  1. efficacy

2. safety

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38
Q

Tegretol

A
  • carbamazepine

- causes craniofacial and fingernail deformities

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39
Q

Diethylstilbestrol

A
  • synthetic estrogen

- causes vaginal tumors and genital malformations in offspring

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40
Q

Phenytoin

A
  • Dilantin

- craniofacial and limb deformities, growth retardation

41
Q

Thalidomide

A

phocomelia (limb deformities)

42
Q

Warfarin

A
  • coumadin

- facial, cartilage and CNS defects

43
Q

Depakote

A

heart problems, spina bifida, facial and limb deformities, cleft palate/lip

44
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

unique, unusual or unexpected response

ex: sedative causes pt to sleep well into next day

45
Q

Tolerance

A

decreased response that develops after repeated use

46
Q

Paradoxical

A

opposite effect from what is expected

47
Q

Dependence

A

acquired need for a drug

48
Q

What organs are the most susceptible to direct toxicity?

A

liver
kidney
lungs

49
Q

What are the two things that are elevated in the blood due to liver damage?

A
  • aspartate transaminase (AST)

- alanine transaminase (ALT)

50
Q

What is elevated in the blood if the there is kidney damage?

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

51
Q

When is the baby most susceptible to anatomical abnormalities during pregnancy?

A

during organogenesis

==>18-55 days

52
Q

Mutagenesis

A

-drug interacts with DNA ==> damage

53
Q

Clastogenesis

A

chromosomal damage

54
Q

Aneugenesis

A

acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

55
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

unrestrained cell replication

56
Q

What are the 3 phases of drug activity?

A
  1. pharmaceutic
  2. pharmacokinetic
  3. pharmacodynamic
57
Q

Pharmaceutic phase

A

after drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of dosage form

58
Q

What affects the pharmaceutic phase?

A

form of drug

route of administration

59
Q

Pharmacokinetic phase

A

what happens to the drug as it moves through the body

==>ADME

60
Q

What does ADME mean?

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

61
Q

What is the most common type of drug absorption method?

A

passive diffusion

62
Q

What needs to happen to the drug in order to be absorbed?

A

it needs to be un-ionized

-like dissolves like

63
Q

How does lipid solubility affect absorption?

A

the more lipid soluble the easier to pass through the cell membranes
==>most are water soluble

64
Q

How does food affect absorption?

A

food slows absorption

65
Q

Chemical alteration of a drug so that they can be excreted.

A

detoxification or biotransformation

66
Q

What enzyme is needed for drug metabolism?

A

cytochrome P450

67
Q

What is done in drug metabolism?

A

transform drugs from lipid-soluble to water soluble so that it can be excreted in urine

68
Q

Enzyme induction

A

increase enzymes causing a faster rate of drug metabolism decreasing the duration of drug action

69
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

inhibit DMMS enzymes increasing the duration and intensity of the drugs

70
Q

What are common causes of adverse drug interactions?

A

enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition

71
Q

How does acidic urine alter excretion/resorption of different drugs?

A

acidic drugs reabsorbed

basic drugs excreted

72
Q

How does alkaline urine alter excretion/resorption of different drugs?

A

alkaline drugs reabsorbed

acidic drugs excreted

73
Q

Pharmacodynamic phase

A

action of drugs on living tissue

74
Q

What affects the pharmacodynamic phase?

A

form of drug and route of administration

75
Q

What are the main types of drug interactions?

A
  1. drugs with other drugs
  2. drugs with supplements
  3. drugs with food/drinks
  4. nutrient depletions
76
Q

What are some examples of drugs that interact with other drugs?

A

warfarin
ACE inhibitors
antihistamines

77
Q

How many American adults use dietary supplements on a regular basis?

A

50%

78
Q

St John’s Wort induces what?

A

inducer of CyP450

reduce concentration of medications

79
Q

Vitamin K affects which drug?

A

counteracts coumadin

80
Q

How can you reduce drug-food interactions?

A

taking medication 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating

81
Q

What should patients taking MAOIs need to avoid?

A

foods high in tyramine

82
Q

What is St John’s Wort used to treat?

A

anxiety and depression

83
Q

Which drugs induce CYP?

A

alcohol
caffeine
St. John’s Wort

84
Q

Which drugs inhibit CYP?

A

echinacea
grapfruit
peppermint

85
Q

Antibiotics may cause depletion of what nutrient?

A

vitamin K

86
Q

Poison

A

substance taken into the body that interferes with normal physiological functions and causes harm

87
Q

Antidote

A

substance that neutralizes poisons or toxic substances

88
Q

Emetic

A

agent that induces vomiting

89
Q

Adsorbent

A

substance that absorbs another substance

90
Q

Gastric lavage

A

pumping the stomach

91
Q

What is the #1 poisonous killer?

A

carbon monoxide

92
Q

Which methylxanthine is most toxic?

A

theophylline

93
Q

Antidote for opiods?

A

naloxone

94
Q

Antidote for lead?

A

EDTA

95
Q

Antidote for organophosphates?

A

atropine and pralidoxime

96
Q

Antidote for warfarin?

A

vitamin K

97
Q

Antidote for tylenol?

A

N-acetylcysteine

98
Q

Antidote for benzodiazepines?

A

flumazenil

99
Q

Antidote for carbamate insecticides

A

atropine

Toxicology (1 decks)

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