Exam I: General Concepts Flashcards

Question

Pes/Pedal

Answer 1

top of the foot

Answer 2

pubic area

Answer 3

pelvis area

Answer 4

breast | part of thoracic section

Answer 5

chest | part of thoracic section

Answer 6

sternum | part of thoracic section

Answer 7

back of head

Answer 8

spinal column

Answer 9

top of the hand

Answer 10

back of the knee

Answer 11

anything between the legs; anus, reproductive structures

Answer 12

lower back

Answer 13

1. Supports: soft tissues and provides attachment for skeletal muscles 2. Protects: internal organs 3. Movement: assists in movement with skeletal muscles 4. Storage: store and releases minerals 5. Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis): bone marrow gives rise to blood cells; spleen and liver involved

Answer 14

Axial: skull, vertebrae, and ribs Appendicular: appendages, pelvis

Answer 15

Long Bones: greater length than width Short Bones: cube-shaped, equal in length and width Flat Bones: thin and composed of two nearly parallel plate of compact bone Irregular Bones: cannot be placed into any other group; complex shapes. Sesamoid Bones: small nodules of bone that are found in certain tendons, and not really connected to other bones ex. patella

Answer 16

Diaphysis- middle/shaft Epiphysis- end of bone Metaphysis- between the diaphysis and epiphysis Medullary Cavity- contains the spongy bone/blood vessels (can be red or yellow marrow) Endosteum- lining the inside of the bone/medullary cavity Periosteum- covering the outside of the bone Articular Cartilage- cartilage outside of the epiphysis to decrease friction between sliding bones

Answer 17

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which then become surrounded in the secreted matrix and become osteocytes Monocytes (phagocytic) differentiate into osteoclasts, which are made of fused marrow cells

Answer 18

Occurs when osteoblasts produce bones of the skull Mesenchymal models of bones undergo ossification 1. Start in mesenchymal tissue where osteoblasts are converting to osteocytes once surrounded by the hardened matrix 2. Other osteoblasts spread out into the surrounding mesenchymal tissue to ossify it 3. Cartilage and mesenchymal tissue don’t need blood/vasculature, but once enough bone formed, then new vessel formation to supply it with blood/nutrients 4. Once the bones are finished, we have compact and trabecular bone right in the center with blood vessels 5. Outside have periosteum with osteoprogenitor cells in case need them to differentiate

Answer 19

Forms from cartilage models via hyaline cartilage Bone forms in ossification centers 1. Invasion of cartilage with blood vessels so cells can enter= primary ossification center with bone collar surrounding it 2. Once the cartilage is gone, the blood vessel in the primary ossification center wants to expand towards the ends- epiphysis have secondary ossification centers and we start to form the medullary cavity 3. We have the epiphyseal plate between the primary and secondary ossification centers so the bone can continue to grow 4. Once the epiphyseal plates divides to its extent, then it disappears and develops into a solid line

Answer 20

Interstitial: growth occurs longitudinally Appositional: widening of bone using osteoblasts and osteoclasts to expand the shaft and increase the diameter of the medullary cavity

Answer 21

Arteries: periosteal, nutrient, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal Nutrient arteryr goes in the medullary cavity that was in the primary ossification center Metaphyseal and nutrient arteries make a connection in order to supply enough blood Nerves: pain fibers to periosteum, and vasomotor fibers to blood vessels (control the amount of blood supply to the bones by constriction or dilation

Answer 22

1. Synarthrosis: immovable joint 2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable joint 3. Diarthrosis: freely movable joint

Answer 23

1. Strengthen sutures 2. Gomphosis: periodontal membrane is the fibrous connection between the tooth and the bone 3. Syndesmosis: slightly movable joint in which the tibia and fibula are joined together by a membrane of fibrous connective tissue running between the bones

Answer 24

moving in one plane 1. Gliding/Planar- short bones within the hand (carpal bones) 2. Pivot- vertebral column with skull (shake head "no") 3. Hinge- knee, elbow, fingers, toes; flex or extend

Answer 25

Two planes of movement 1.. Condyloid- ovoid articular structure; metacarpal bones in the hand coming back and attaching to metacarpal bones in the wrist; flexion, extention, and medial 2. Saddle- opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex; 1st metacarpal bones with the carpal bones, especially in thumb 3. Ball and Socket- arm and shoulder joint

Answer 26

Frontal/Coronal: divides anterior from posterior Sagittal: divides body right from left Transverse: divides body top from bottom

Answer 27

shoulder blade/scapula

Answer 28

lateral part of the leg

Answer 29

towards the head

Answer 30

back of the leg/calf; made of gastrocnemius and soleus

Answer 31

1. Synchondroses: connecting medium is hyaline cartilage like the epiphyseal plate 2. Symphyses: fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones such as the pubic symphyses or intervertebral disc

Answer 32

Gets the most movement Every synovial joint will have: joint capsule made of the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid, and fibrous membrane, which covers the whole joint and provides strength Articular cavity: surrounding the joint capsule on both sides of the cavity we will have cartilage; cavity contains the synovial fluid Articular disc: look like wedges, ring, or disc of cartilage; area of cartilage for joint to sit on (minicus for example) Fat pad: inside the capsule to cushion the joint so we don’t irritate the structures beneath it Tendons with sheath around them (have synovial sheath with synovial fluid to slide back and forth); irritation = tendonitis Bursa: a membrane bound structure filled with synovial fluid; not the same fluid as the one in the joint to act as a cushion; if we irritate the bursa – bursitis

Answer 33

Once we add more plane of movement, more problems can occur because less stability Shoulders, hips, etc. Formed by two convex condyles that articulate with a concave or flat surface Knee joint- sit in concave areas Still have one axis, but have limited rotation around a second axis

Answer 34

Many planes and most movement with a price…. Less stability Shoulders and hips Support the structure with many muscles and tendons to add stability

Answer 35

Collateral circulation- multiple lines of blood coming into the same area Anastramosis: main vessels coming down and fuse Especially larger joints we see these things– if we do damage to one vessel, we have other ones to back it up/supply blood

Answer 36

Flexion: decreasing the angle between the two bones Extension: increasing the angle between the two bones Past 180: hyperextension – can do that with your neck

Answer 37

Adduction: adding to the body– bringing the arm and bringing it to the body Abduction: moving the arm away, or body part away– subtracting from the body

Answer 38

Flexion, entension, adduction, and abduction all blended together

Answer 39

“side bending”

Answer 40

Flexed laterally is out and medially is towards the body | Pivoting the arm (humerus)

Answer 41

Plantarflexion: up on the toes where toes are down and heel is up Doriflexion: where heel is down and toes are up When you walk you change between plantar and dorsiflexion continuously

Answer 42

Inversion: soles of feet together so facing each other Eversion: face soles of the feet outwards When walking there is slight inversion and eversion

Answer 43

Supination: palms are facing down and turn them up Pronation: palms are facing up and turn them down

Answer 44

Protraction: sticking chin out Retraction: chin in

Answer 45

Pinky to thumb

Answer 46

Fascia is the more important one between muscle and fascia because it interconnects everything Epimysium: covering of connective tissue that runs and combines with fascia, tendon, and eventually the bone Perimysium: around a fascicle Endomysium: around the muscle fiber

Answer 47

Origin: is not moving; end of a muscle that is attached to a fixed bone Insertion: end of a muscle that is attached to the bone that moves Reference reversal: switch the use of the muscle/use the muscles in the opposite way

Answer 48

Ligament: attaches bone to bone Tendon: attachment between muscle and bone; dense regular connective tissue Aponeurosis: flat tendon such as in the abdomen; are layers of flat broad tendons; are histologically similar to tendons, and are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves

Answer 49

Muscle action (function) Specific body region Muscle attachment: biceps brachii (arm); fibularis (to the fibula), retus capitus major (attaches to the back of the head) Shape and size: adductor magnus (big muscle); deltoid (shape) Heads or tendons of origin: quadriceps (4) Orientation of muscle fibers: how they are running

Answer 50

Prime mover: the muscle that is contributing the most Synergist: assist the prime mover; don’t play the biggest role but help Fixator: provides stability Antagonist: moves the opposite of the prime mover

Answer 51

There are more muscle cells to neurons ratio Neuron comes into an area and branches off and goes to multiple muscle cells so when the neuron is excited it will excite every muscle cell that is it in contact with Types of movements that occur depend on the ratios Smaller movement have smaller ratios Fine motor control have more neurons to muscle (instead of 1: 10, its 5:10 for example)

Answer 52

Movements are performed by GROUPS Different segments of a muscle can have different actions Innervated on DEEP surface of belly Muscle compartments usually share function, attachment, nerves, vessels

Answer 53

Two types: superficial and deep Function: provide strength, compartmentalization, and ease of movement Example: In the leg there is a thick fascia = compartmentalize the muscles to help with strength and provide easier movement Composition: ECM, collagen (structure), elastin (elasticity), and reticular (support) Cells: fibroblasts, adipose (especially superficially), macrophages, and mast cells 1. Superficial: broken into (a) superficial (usually the fatty layer especially on abdomen), and (b) deep (membranous) 2. Deep investing fascia: very thick, cannot tear it; continuous that runs into the joints and muscles

Answer 54

Fibrous sheath on fingers Muscle attachment Neurovascular sheath encased in the fascia example: carotid nerve sheath in the neck Retinacula: thick fascia as seen on the hand Intermuscular septa: divides muscle into sections/compartments Because it forms compartments, damage can really effect the muscle groups; if blood hemorrhage occurs, there is not a lot of give, so surrounding vessels are closed off from pressure and this causes compartment syndrome and needs fasciectomy to treat it