Exam ID 3

Question 1

Celio/ and lapar/o

Answer 1

Related to the abdomen (e.g. celiotomy)

Question 2

Cholecyst/o

Answer 2

Related to the gall bladder (e.g. cholecystitis)

Question 3

Choledoch/o

Answer 3

Related to the bile duct (e.g. choledocholelithiasis)

Question 4

Enter/o

Answer 4

Related to the intestines (e.g. enterocolitis)

Question 5

Gastr/o

Answer 5

Related to the stomach (e.g. gastritis)

Question 6

Hepat/o

Answer 6

Related to the liver (e.g. hepatomegaly)

Question 7

Peritone/o

Answer 7

Related to the peritoneal cavity (e.g. peritonitis)

Question 8

-emesis

Answer 8

Related to vomiting (e.g. hematemesis)

Question 9

-lith

Answer 9

Referring to a stone (e.g. cholelith)

Question 10

-pepsia

Answer 10

Referring to digestion (e.g. dyspepsia)

Question 11

-pepsia

Answer 11

Referring to digestion (e.g. dyspepsia)

Question 12

-phagia

Answer 12

Related to eating/swallowing (e.g. dysphagia)

Question 13

-rrhage

Answer 13

Related to bleeding (e.g. hemorrhage)

Question 14

-stenosis

Answer 14

A narrowing or stricture (e.g. pyloric stenosis)

Question 15

Anorexia

Answer 15

Lack of appetite

Question 16

Ascites

Answer 16

Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Question 17

Deglutition

Answer 17

Swallowing

Question 18

Dysphagia

Answer 18

Difficulty swallowing

Question 19

Hematochezia

Answer 19

Presence of bright red blood in the stool

Question 20

Melena

Answer 20

Black, tarry stools containing digested blood

Question 21

Steatorrhea

Answer 21

Presence of fat in the stool

Question 22

Fistula

Answer 22

Abnormal tubular conection between organs, vessels,

intestines, etc.

Question 23

Cirrhosis

Answer 23

Liver disease characterized by the replacement of normal parenchyma with connective tissue

Question 24

ALT

Answer 24

Alanine transaminase/aminotransferase)

Question 25

AST

Answer 25

Aspartate transaminase/aminotransferase)

Question 26

BM

Answer 26

Bowel movement

Question 27

GERD

Answer 27

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 28

GIT

Answer 28

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 29

IBD

Answer 29

Inflammatory bowel disease

Question 30

IBS

Answer 30

Irritable bowel syndrome

Question 31

LFTs

Answer 31

Liver function tests

Question 32

PUD

Answer 32

Peptic ulcer disease

Question 33

Describe basic pathophysiology of common gastrointestinal diseases

Answer 33

``` Many different organs can be affected: Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pancreas Liver ``` ``` Common diseases Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) • Gastric Ulcer • Duodenal Ulcer Liver disease • Portal hypertension • Cirrhosis • Drug-Induced diseases • Viral hepatitis Pancreatitis ``` Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) • Ulcerative Colitis • Crohn’s Disease Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Symptomatic problems • Diarrhea • Constipation

Question 34

Gastroesophageal Reflux DZ

Answer 34

Pathophysiology • Abnormal reflux of gastric contents from the stomach to the esophagus • Mucosal irritation, pain, bleeding, perforation, strictures and hyperplasia can result ``` Drug therapy ~ Reduce acidity of the stomach contents to minimize mucosal damage if reflux occurs • Proton pump inhibitors • H2 receptor antagonists • Antacids ``` ~ Increase motility of GIT • Promotility agents ~ Increase esophageal mucosal protection

Question 35

Drug Therapy for GERD (Proton Pump Inhibitors)

Answer 35

Drugs of choice for treatment of GERD MOA • Inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump on parietal cells responsible for secretion of HCl into stomach • Causes potent reduction of acid secretion Drugs • Omeprazole (Prilosec® prototype drug) • Esomeprazole (Nexium®) • Lansoprazole (Prevacid®) • Rabeprazole (Aciphex®) • Pantoprozole (Protonix®) ``` ~ Dosage forms: • Oral • Parenteral (esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole) • Omeprazole suspension (Zegerid®) ~ Important points to consider • Oral products should not be crushed or chewed • Generally given prior to meals ~ Common adverse reactions • Most PPIs are generally well-tolerated ```

Question 36

Drug Therapy for GERD (H2 receptor antagonists)

Answer 36

~ MOA • Binds to histamine-2 receptors on parietal cells to reduce acid secretaion in the stomach ~ Drugs • Cimetidine (Tagamet®, prototype drug) • Ranitidine (Zantac®) • Nizatidine (Axid®) • Famotidine (Pepcid®) ~ Dosage forms • Oral • Parenteral (cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine) ~ Important points • Cimetidine has been associated with a number of significant drug interactions (inhibits microsomal enzyme systems) ~ Common adverse reactions • Generally well-tolerated

Question 37

Drug Therapy for GERD (Antacids)

Answer 37

``` ~ MOA • Basic compounds that directly neutralize stomach acid to form inert salts ~ Drugs • TNTC ~ Dosage forms • Oral ~ Important points • Provides symptomatic relief from pain • May have to be dosed frequently ``` ~ Common adverse reactions • Can cause electrolyte disturbances • May induce diarrhea (magnesium containing antacids) or constipation (aluminum containing antacids)