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Foundations of Ecology and Diversity > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

symbioses (symbiosis)

A

antagonistic or mutualistic interactions between species that have evolved over time

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2
Q

mutualism

A

-benefits for each participant outweigh their costs
-each organism is acting in its own self-interests

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3
Q

digestive symbiosis

A

-Most animals host microbial symbionts in their digestive systems
-Ungulates need bacteria that can break down complex plant tissues
-Some species use bacteria and fungi outside their digestive systems

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4
Q

obligate mutualism

A

one or both species’ partners cannot survive without each other

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5
Q

facultative mutualism

A

one or both species’ partners can survive without each other

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6
Q

commensalism

A

one partner benefits while the other is neutral

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7
Q

amensalism

A

one partner is harmed while the other is neutral

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8
Q

neotany

A

long-term evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered to that a sexually mature organism retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form

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9
Q

bipedalism leads to…

A
  1. free hands, tool usage
  2. manipulate food with hands
  3. carry items with hands instead of mouth, leads to the possible evolution of the human jaw and face
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10
Q

FOXP2 gene

A

-the gene involved in the development of speech and dialect
-a difference in 2 amino acid sequences is the difference between humans and chimpanzees in our ability to form languages

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11
Q

race

A

geographic groups
varies based on natural selection based on sunlight exposure and the presence of vitamin D

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12
Q

what is the genetic variation between Homo Sapiens?

A

our level of DNA variation is 0.1%, or 1 in 1000 base pairs

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13
Q

competition example

A

grass and wildflowers; each species loses the water, nutrients, and access to sunlight that the other takes

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14
Q

predation example

A

arctic foxes and lemmings: foxes benefit from eating lemmings; lemmings lose opportunities to reproduce

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15
Q

herbivory example

A

bison and grass: bison benefit from eating grass; grass loses biomass that is eaten

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16
Q

communities

A

-set of all populations of two or more different species in a given place at a particular time
-populations connected by various interactions and locations
-communities characterized by principal plants and animals

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17
Q

biodiversity

A

key feature of a community; number of species at many levels

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18
Q

species richness

A

number of species in a particular area

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19
Q

species evenness

A

-relative proportions of individual species in a community
-communities with low species evenness are more susceptible to pathogens or environmental change

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20
Q

culture

A

-a body of learned behavior that is socially transmitted among individuals and is passed down from one generation to the next
-has allowed humans to transcend our biological limits
-changes quickly over time
-culture can drive biological evolution

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21
Q

universal grammar

A

all of Earth’s languages are dialects of the same basic language

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22
Q

parasitism example

A

Tapeworms and humans; Tapeworms benefit from absorbing nutrients in human intestine; humans lose nutrients

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23
Q

mutualism example

A

flowers and bees; flowers gain pollination; bees gain nectar and some pollen

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24
Q

commensalism example

A

Egrets and cattle; egrets benefit from insects stirred up by cattle; cattle are unaffected by egrets

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25
facilitation
species interact indirectly, one species creates an environment which benefits another
26
keystone species
species with disproportionate effect on communities, a pivotal population
27
ecosystem engineers
species that actively shape the physical environment
28
disturbances
can modify a community's composition
29
succession
process of species replacing each other in time in a predictable sequence
30
primary succession
colonization of a new area
31
secondary succession
after a disturbance
32
climax community
little further change in species composition of a community, end state of succession
33
theory of island biogeography
number of species that can occupy an island depends on two factors: - size of island - distance of island from source colonists
34
homo naledi
-recently discovered in 2013 in South Africa -235,000-335,000 years ago -provides evidence that the drive for language/communication is not limited to the human conscience
35
neoteny is defined as:
a long-term evolutionary process in which the timing of development is altered so that a sexually mature organism retains the physical characteristics of the juvenile form
36
T/F: Humans (Homo sapiens) have the largest brains of all mammals.
False
37
What is a possible selective factor for the evolution of the large human brain?
tool use
38
Human DNA sequences indicate that, on average, about _____ base pairs differ among individuals
1 in 1000
39
What is the complimentary base sequence to ATGC?
TACG
40
Temperature, water, nutrients, and toxins are examples of ______ factors of the environment
Abiotic and physical
41
what evolves?
populations
42
given the following factors, what is the size of the sampled population of butterflies: First day: 100 butterflies captured, marked, and released Second day: 140 butterflies captured, 20 of which are recaptured
700
43
In exponential growth, the per capita growth rate is:
constant
44
a growing population usually shows a _____ age distribution
pyramid-shaped
45
small mammals which tend to lose numbers steadily throughout their lives display a _______ survivorship curve
Type II
46
Species living where resources are predictable and often produce a lower number of offspring and invest their reproductive resources in just a few better cared for offspring are ___________ strategists and display a ________________ survivorship curve. a. r, Type II b. r, Type I c. K, type III d. K, type II e. None of the above
none of the above
47
Galapagos Lava Lizards, which alter their egg production during times of food stress, are K-Strategies Question 4 Answer a. True b. False c. Neither, it depends on which strategy is optimal given the risk
C
48
In regards to the Anolis lizard, Hispaniola featured unique types of habitats not available on the mainland, allowing the lizards to diversify over time into many new species by __________________
adaptive radiation
49
ecology
study of relationships of organisms to one another and to the environment; intertwined with evolution
50
ecological relationships
sustain a flow of energy and materials from the sun, earth, oceans, and atmosphere, through organisms, which carbon and other elements eventually return to the environment
51
abiotic
factors involve nonliving aspects of the environment
52
biotic
factors are living organisms
53
what are the three key features of a population:
1. size 2. range 3. density
54
distribution can be...
-random -clustered -uniform
55
Mark-and-recapture equation
N=(C/R)*M C=total # of marked and unmarked R=# of recaptured M=# marked on the first day
56
How do we determine population size?
affected by birth, death, immigration and emigration -delta N/ delta t=change in population size
57
continuous growth
-organisms reproduce when sexually mature, population increases/decreases continuously -exponential growth
58
exponential growth
-typical of small populations with abundant resources -continuous growth
59
discrete growth
-population size increases/decreases in one discrete step at the beginning of each new generation -leads to intraspecific and interspecific competition
60
carrying capacity
-the maximum number of individuals of a given species that a habitat can support. Known as the K value -when a population approaches K its rate of growth will slow because of limited resources or stress on the population, increasing the mortality rate
61
logistic growth
-pattern of population growth that results as growth potential slows down, as the population size approaches K -results in an S curve
62
age structure
the number of individuals within each age group
63
demography
study of size, structure, and distribution of populations over time, including changes in population due to birth, death, aging, and migration
64
cohort
a group defined as the individuals born at a given time
65
survivorship
proportion of individuals from initial cohort that survive to each successive lifecycle stage
66
Type I survivorship
most humans and other large mammals survive their early years and show a steep decline in the last part of their life-span
67
Type II survivorship
Small mammals and birds tend to lose numbers steadily throughout their lives
68
Type III survivorship
many fish, frogs, and herbaceous plants do not survive the earliest period of life, but those that do survive show only slow addition declines over time
69
r-strategist
produce large numbers of offspring but do not provide resources or support for their offspring
70
k-strategist
produce few young but invest considerable resources for their support
71
life history
resource investment in each state of life -growth, maintenance, reproduction, defenses
72
local populations
-typically separated in space and connected via immigration between habitat patches -local populations in habitat patches make up a metapopulation
73
habitat patch
a bit of habitat that is separated by other bits of habitat by an inhospitable environment
74
metapopulation
large population made up of smaller populations linked by occasional movements of individuals between them
75
island
any habitat patch that is surrounded by substantial expanse of inhospitable environment
76
endemic species
found nowhere else on the planet
77
what is the best definition of a niche?
the combination of a species' physical habitat and its ecological role in that habitat
78
T/F: the term "niche" and "habitat" are basically interchangeable
False
79
Some of the best evidence that organisms can live beyond the ranges they actually occupy comes from studies of _________________
Invasive species
80
All interactions involve ____________ and _______________.
costs, benefits
81
competitive exclusion
the idea that two spcies cannot occupy the exact same niche at the same time
82
niche
-combination of a species' physical habitat and its ecological role in that habitat -encompass the ways organisms interact with other species and how they affect resources in a habitat -determined by physical (abiotic) and biological factora (biotic) based on species interaction
83
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
-Niche is a multidimensional habitat that allows a species to practice its way of life
84
Niches have a dual nature in which they...
1. reflect where organisms occur 2. what they do in their niche
85
fundamental niches
full range which permits individuals to live
86
realized niche
actual habitat, fundamental is usually smaller than realized
87
phylogenetic niche conservation (PNC)
-tendency of a species to retain aspects of ancestral niches and therefore for closely related species to resemble each other in niches -closely related species share similar niches
88
interactions are either....
indirect or direct
89
direct interactions
species physically interact
90
indirect interactions
competition over resources
91
antagonisms
interactions in which at least one participant loses more than it gains
92
competition
interactions in which the use of a mutually needed resource by one individual group or individuals lowers the availability of that resource to another individual or group
93
intraspecific competition
between individuals of the same species, related to the carrying capacity of a habitat
94
interspecific competition
between individuals of different species, leads to the development of niches
95
competitive exclusion
-two species cannot occupy the exact same niche at the same time -how fundamental niches are reduced to a realized niche
96
resource partitioning
-division of resources by different species living in the same habitat can minimize competition, allowing for two or more species to coexist -driven by competitive exclusion
97
predation
-one organism consumes another -a 1 to 1 relationship between predator and prey, species is unstable, predator will over-exploit prey, leading to both species becoming extinct
98
parasites
live in close association with another species, gains nutrition by consuming their hosts' tissues
99
herbivory
consumption of plant parts, benefits the herbivorous animal by providing nutrients, harms plant by directloy affecting products and photosynthesis
100
__________________ is an interaction when the benefits for each participant outweigh their costs. a. Competition b. Predation c. Parasitism d. Commensalism e. None of the above
none of the above
101
Which of the types of interactions between species is a “Lose-Lose” between the species a. Competition b. Predation c. Herbivory d. Mutualism e. None of the above
competition
102
T/F: Associations between species are fixed; once established they do not change unless one species goes extinct
false
103
Approximately, a tenfold increase in island size results in a _______________ of species diversity. a. Decrease b. 90% increase c. Doubling d. Evolution e. None of the above
doubling
104
theory of island biogeography
the number of species that occupy an island depends on the island size and distance from source colonists
105

Foundations of Ecology and Diversity (3 decks)

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