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A&P I > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Define: tissue

A

A group of cells with a common structure and function

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues and their structures at the microscopic level.

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3
Q

Ectoderm:

A

Outer germ layer
-gives rise to epidermis, NS, exocrine glands

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4
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner germ layer
-forms mucous mem in digestive & respiratory tracts, digestive glands

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

tissue that covers the body, line cavities and forms glands. protective barrier, absorption, secretion and sensation

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6
Q

polarity

A

has distinct atipcal and basal surfaces w diff func.

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7
Q

Intercellular Attachment:

A

Cells are tightly connected by junctions like tight junctions and desmosomes.
-hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

Avascularity

A

lacks blood vessels

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9
Q

high regeneration

A

rapidly replaces cells

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10
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

A

protection, selective permeability, sensation & secretions

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11
Q

Classifying Epithelial Tissue:

A

By # of cells
Simple: Single layer of cells.
Stratified: Multiple layers of cells.
Pseudostratified: Appears to have multiple layers but is a singular layer

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12
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous: Thin and flat cells.
Cuboidal: Cube-shaped cells.
Columnar: Tall, column-like cells.
Transitional: Cells that can change shape, found in tissues that stretch.

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13
Q

Cilia:

A

Hair-like projections that move substances across the cell surface.

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14
Q

Microvilli:

A

finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

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15
Q

Simple Epithelium

A

single layer of cells; functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration

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16
Q

Stratified Epithelium:

A

Multiple layers of cells; functions in protection, found in areas prone to abrasion.

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17
Q

Pseudostratified Epithelium:

A

Appears layered but is actually a single layer. involved in secretion and movement of mucus.

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18
Q

Exocrine glands

A

conn. w epithelium by ducts
-apocrine, holocrine, merocrine

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19
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones directly into bloodstream w/o ducts (thyroid/adrenal)

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20
Q

Serous secretions

A

Watery fluids rich in enzymes (saliva)

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21
Q

Sebaceous secretions

A

oily substances to lub and protect skin (sebum)

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22
Q

keratinized

A

superficial cells are dead

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23
Q

non-keratinized

A

superficial cells are living

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24
Q

merocrine secretion

A

Secretion released via exocytosis (sweat, salivary) produced in golgi

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25
apocrine secretion
apical mem pinches off & becomes secretions (mamm/milk & ceruminous glands/ earwax) damage repaired by glandular cells
26
holocrine secretion
secretions released by cells bursting/killing gland -sebaceous gland -gland replaced by stem cells
27
ground substance
gel-like substance found in connective tissue that fills space btw cells and fibers (GS + protein fibers= extracell matrix)
28
Mesenchyme:
found in embryos, ALL CT is from this
29
connective tissue proper
loose: areolar, adipose, reticular (more GS) dense: dense reg, dense irreg, elastic (less GS)
30
supporting CT
Cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic bone: compact, spongy
31
fluid CT
blood & lymph
32
areolar CT
ctp. loose arrangement of collagen & elastic fibers, vascular -blood vessels
33
adipose CT
ctp. adipocytes aka fat, stores energy, insulates body. -white- stores energy brown-babies/gen heat
34
reticular CT
ctp. meshwork of reticular fibers, fibrocytes & leukocytes -lymphatic organs
35
Dense Reg CT
ctp. tightly packed, PARALLEL fibers, stress in 1 direction -tendon/ligaments
36
Dense Irreg CT
ctp. clumps of collagen in all directions, stress in all dir. -found in reticular layer (dermis)
37
Elastic CT
ctp. branching, densely packed, can stretch & recoil -trachea
38
perichondrium
dense irreg ct that surr. elastic and most hyaline cartilage
39
Hyaline cartilage
sct. common, surr. perichondrium, found in nose/trachea, costal, fetal skeleton
40
Fibrocartilage
sct. weight-bearing, resist compression, irreg protein fibers btw chondrocytes, spare gs, no perichondrium, knee, intervertebral discs
41
elastic cartilage
sct. flexible, densely packed elastic fibers, external ear
42
Hemopoietic cells
make RBCs
43
Blood
fluid ct, transports cells, dissolves matter, plasma=GS
44
Lacunae:
cavities within the cartilage matrix that have chondrocytes
45
Fibroblasts
star-shaped, long nuclei, produce & maintain GS
46
Adipocytes
large, round cells, stores triglycerides
47
Mesenchymal cells
divides to replace cells, embryonic stem cells
48
macrophages
fixed & wandering: eat pathogens and debris
49
mast cells
found in blood vessels, release histamine & heparin, inflammation/allergic reactions
50
plasma
synthesize disease fighting antibodies
51
leukocytes
WBCs: neutrophils- attack bacteria lymphocytes react against bacteria/toxins
52
cardiac muscle
-heart 1 nucleus, striated, invol, branched
53
smooth muscle
NO striations, 1 nucleus, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tappered on sides). invol -digestive, respiratory, urinary tract
54
skeletal muscle
voluntary, striations, attached to bone, thread-like muscle fibers
55
Binds organs to each other -supports and protects
Areolar tissue
56
Primary germ layers
Ectoderm, exoderm, mesoderm
57
Mesoderm
middle germ layer -becomes mesenchyme -forms ALL CT -forms epithelial lining of vessels & serous mem
58
Epithelial lining
Endothelium (lines vessels) & mesothelium (serosa)
59
Basement membrane
Layer btw epithelium & underlying connective tissue
60
3 attachments to BM
lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina
61
3 attachments to BM
lamina lucida, lamina densa, reticular lamina
62
Basal surface
Surface of an epithelial cell that faces BM

A&P I (4 decks)

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