Exam II Flashcards by Brock Anderson

Prokaryote: capsule

Outer portion (not in all bacteria)
Helps with attachment

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Prokaryote: Cytoplasm

Fluid within plasma membrane
Cytosol - water, ions, small molecules, and proteins

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Prokaryote: ribosomes

Free floating

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Prokaryote: nucleoid

Do not have nucleus
Where DNA is found
Have one single, circular chromosome

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Prokaryote: cell membrane

Fluid mosaic

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Prokaryote: flagellum

For movement, attachment, or genetic exchange

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Prokaryote: cell wall

Not all bacteria have it

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Eukaryote: nucleus

Defining feature of eukaryotes
Linear chromosomes
Site of transcription

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Eukaryote: nucleolus

Region where RNA is built in nucleus

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Eukaryote: mitochondrion

Double membrane bound structure
Where cellular respiration takes place

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Eukaryote: RER

Protein synthesis and quality control
Where ribosomes are connected that make it look rough

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Eukaryote: SER

Site of lipid synthesis and chemical modification of proteins - like a small liver for cells

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Eukaryotes: Golgi

Cis side - side of nucleus
Trans - side away
Lysosomes derived from golgi that help with phagocytosis
Plants do not have lysosomes

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Eukaryotes: chloroplasts

Only photosynthetic organisms
Double membrane bound structure
Plastids
Thylakoid
Stack of thylakoid - granum
Stroma

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Eukaryotes - ribosomes

Made in nucleus
Made of rRNA and proteins
Protein synthesis

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Eukaryotes: vacuole

Can store toxic material
Contribute to plant structure - turgor pressure

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Cytoskeleton-eukaryotes

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Motor proteins

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Eukaryotes - extraular matrices

Plant - cellulose
Animal cell - collagen and proteoglycan

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Where is potential energy in biology

Chemical energy stored in bonds
Chemical gradient across membrane

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Where is kinetic energy in biology

Light
Sound
Movement of atoms and molecules
Muscle contraction

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Is energy released when bonds are broken?

Yes

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Chemical bond energy

Stored in bonds
Released when broken

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Electrical energy

Separation of charges through membrane
Gradients drive them through

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Heat energy

Transfer due to temp differences
Heat released by chemical reactions

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Light energy

Electromagnetic radiation as photons Pigments used for photosynthesis

Mechanical energy

Energy of motion Muscle movements and movements within cells

First law of thermodynamics

Total energy before and after is equal to

Second law

After any transformation energy available to do work gradually decreases. Entropy increases overtime Amount of unusable energy increases overtime

Total energy equations

H=G + TS OR G = H - TS

If delta G is positive

Building a bond (condensation) Endergonic Energy is consumed (required) Anabolic Negative Delta S

If Delta G is negative

Breaking a bond (energy release) - hydrolysis Exergonic Catabolic Positive Delta S

Ways enzymes alter substances

Orientation - lock and key Physical strain - shape change Chemical charge - adding charge to substrate

How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate

Increases to a point until enzymes are saturated

Enzyme inhibition

Competitive inhibition - caffeine and adenosine Non competitive inhibition - allosteric site (can be activated or deactivated) Remember every enzyme has optimal temperature and pH it operates in

What does a kinase enzyme do

Phosphorylates things

What does an isomerase enzyme do

Turns molecule into isomer

What does dehydrogenase do

Takes hydrogen via redox reaction NAD+ —> NADH

What does a decarboxylase do

Removes carboxyl group If adding - it is carboxylase

Overall chemical equation cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + O2—> 6CO2, 6H2O, and 32 ATP

Overall chemical equation fermentation

C6H12O6 —> 2 lactate For yeast fermentation it’s 2 ethanol and 2CO2

Where does glycolysis occur?

In cytosol / cytoplasm

Overall input and output of glycolysis

Glucose into puruvate

What is energy in and out of glycolysis?

In is 2 ATP and out is 4 ATP (so 2 net)

What is oxidized in and reduced out of glycolysis?

NAD+ NADH

What is reduced in and oxidized out of glycolysis?

Glucose in and pyrivate out

How is ATP produced in this step?

Substrate level phosphorylation

Total molecules out per glucose in glycolysis

4 ATP (2 net) 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur

From cytoplasm into mitochondria

Overall input and output of pyruvate oxidation

2 pyruvate in and 2 acetyl CoA out

Total molecules out per glucose in pyruvate oxidation

2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA, and 2 NADH

What is oxidezed in and reduced out in pyruvate oxidation?

NAD+ in and NADH out

What is reduced in and oxidized out in pyruvate oxidation

Pyruvate in and acetyl CoA out

Is any energy used in pyruvate oxidation?

How many carbons are in pyruvate? How many carbons in acetyl CoA

3 2

Where does citric acid cycle occur?

Matrix of mitochondria

What is overall input and output of citric acid cycle?

2 acetyl CoA in and 4 CO2, 6 NADH, and 2 GTP, and 2 FADH2out (gtp goes to ATP)

What is energy in and out of citric acid cycle?

No energy in 2 GTP (into ATP) out

What is first step of citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citric acid

How many carbons in citric acid?

6 - 4 from oxaloacetate and 2 from acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate regenerates and reacts with another acetyl CoA

How is atp produced in citric acid cycle?

Substrate level phosphorylation

What is oxidized in and reduced out in citric acid cycle?

NAD+ and FAD+ in and NADH and FADH2 out

What is reduced in and oxidized out in citric acid cycle?

2 Acetyl CoA in and 4 CO2 out

Where does electron transport chain occur?

Inner membrane

What is energy in and out of ETC?

Energy in none Energy out proton gradient

What is reduced in and oxidized out of ETC?

NADH and FADH2 in and NAD + and FAD + out

What is oxidized in and reduced out of ETC?

O2 in and H2O out

What is terminal electron acceptor in ETC?

O2 is acceptor turning into H2O

Where is carbon in ETC?

All used up

How is atp produced in cellular respiration ETC?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Where does chemiosmosis occur in cellular respiration

At the end of the ETC in inner membrane space

What is energy in and out of cellular respiration chemiosmosis?

Proton gradient in 32 ATP out

Overall input and output of cellular respiration ETC

NADH FADH2 and O2 in and NAD+ FAD+ and H2O out

Overall photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O + light into glucose and 6O2

Where does cyclic photophosphorylation occur

In chloroplast on thylakoid membrane

Where are protons pumped in cyclic?

In the lumen (thylakoid space)

Energy in and out of cyclic

Light in and ATP / proton gradient out

Reduced in and oxidized out of cyclic

Photo system I for both

What is primary output of cyclic?

ATP

Where is cyclic atp used?

Calvin cycle - specifically in RuBP regeneration

Other name for photpsytem I

p700

Where does noncyclic occur

In chloroplast on thylakoid membrane

Energy in and out of non cyclic

Light / photons in and ATP / H+ gradient out

Oxidized in and reduced out of non cyclic

NADP+ oxidized in and NADPH reduced out

Reduced in a oxidized out of non cyclic

H2O reduced in and O2 oxidized out

Where does NADPH ultimately get proton from?

H2O

Another name for photosystem II

p680

Overall product of non cyclic

ATP and NADPH in 1:1

Where does Calvin cycle occur

In chloroplast in stroma

Energy in and out of Calvin cycle

ATP in and sugars out

Reduced in and oxidized out of Calvin cycle

NADPH reduced in and NADP+ oxidized out

How many G3P molecules are needed to regenerate RuBP

3, this is why there is 6CO2 in because 3 regenerate 1 RuBP then it goes again resulting in 2 G3P and 2 RuBP (2 G3P can make a glucose)

What photosynthesis are we studying

C3 photosynthesis

What happens when rubisco gets too hot

Doesn’t work

Overall input and output of calvin cycle

6CO2 18ATP 12NADPH into 18ADP 2G3P 12 NADP+

What is first step of Calvin cycle

CO2 bond with RuBP using rubisco

What are the steps of Calvin cycle

CO2 uptake CO2 reduction RuBP regeneration

How many CO2 per single G3P molecule?

How come we need ATP from cyclic for Calvin cycle?

Because non cyclic produces NADPH and ATP in 1:1, and the Calvin cycle requires 9 ATP and 6NADPH per G3P molecule (18 ATP and 12NADPH per glucose)

Overall process of calvin cycle

CO2 into 3PG into G3P then RuMP into RuBp

Exam II Flashcards

(100 cards)