Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ecology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

a group of organisms of the same species at the same time in the same space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Density

A

Crude density–> number of individuals/area Ecological density–> number of individuals/area of its habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dispersion

A

spatial arrangement of individuals in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Uniform

A

Territoriality–> defend a space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Random

A

Location of one individual does not affect the other Most uncommon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clumped

A

Obvious and discrete aggregations Most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Birth rate

A

Average number of offspring/female/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mortality rate

A

Population dying/time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Immigration

A

movement into a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Emigration

A

movement out of a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mark-Recapture

A

model–> Lincoln-Petersen, Schabel, Cormak-Jolly-Sebor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lincoln-Peterson Estimate

A

Applicable for closed populations–> no B,I,D,E • Method ○ Sample and mark all individuals (M) ○ Second sample of (n) individuals of which (m)are marked ○ Solve for N Nest= (M*n)/m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Schnabel Estimate

A

• Multiple mark recapture • Equation: ○ Nest= sum CtMt/Rt ○ Ct= total in sample ○ Mt= # marked at large ○ Rt= total marked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CPUE

A

catch per effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Delury depletion

A

Bound the area so no immigration and emigration Use the linear line equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dispersal

A

movement between populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Age pyramid

A

Proportions of total population in differing age classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stable age distribution

A

The proportion in age classes remains constant over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Life table

A

age specific view on mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cohort

A

group of individuals born around the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Monocapric

A

reproduce once and die for plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Survivorship

A

ln of survivors type 1: little mortality in early life type 2: constant mortality through life type 3: high mortality in early life–> most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fecundity table

A

Age specific summary of the birth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

R0

A

net reproductive rate Average number of female offspring produced per female Dependenant on both lx (survival) and mx (fecundity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

r

A

intrinsic rate of increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lambda

A

geometric growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Geometric growth

A

Discrete pulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Discrete time

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Exponential growth

A

Interoparous organisms Over lapping generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Continuous time

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Instantaneous population growth rate

A

dN/dt–> growth over short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Malthusian parameter

A

r–> intrinsic rate of increase assumed to be a constant–> rmax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Doubling time

A

• Nt= N0ert ○ Application–> doubling time ○ Nt= N0ert–> divide by N0 ○ Nt/N0= ert= 2 § Need to know t ○ Solve for t § ln2= lnert § ln2= rt ln2/r= t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Finite population growth

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cohort generation time

A

Average time between birth of a female and its offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition within the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Competition

A

interaction between individuals for a required resource in limited supply–> leads to reduced fitness for both

38
Q

Exploitation

A

(scramble)–> early bird gets the worm–> no direct contact

39
Q

Interference

A

(contest)–> direct interaction

40
Q

Scramble

A

early bird gets the worm–> no direct contact

41
Q

Contest

A

direct interaction

42
Q

Density dependence

A

as density increases–> increase in competition the magnitude of the impact is directly correlated with density

43
Q

Carrying capacity

A

(K) amount of individuals that can survive on a plot

44
Q

Net recruitment rate

A

Number of individuals by which the population grows over time

45
Q

Logistic growth

A

…

46
Q

Time lags

A

Oscillates around K

47
Q

Density independence

A

would be like a tornado, does not matter how big the size is it will destroy (environmental disasters)

48
Q

Mark

A

mutilation

49
Q

Tag

A

allows for identification of individual

50
Q

Life history

A

Significant factors of the life cycle Survival and reproduction

51
Q

Precocious puberty

A

early puberty

52
Q

r selected

A

High reproduction High growth rate

53
Q

K selected

A

Live long Operate near K

54
Q

List the 4 ways organisms deal with varying thermal environments. Give examples of each.

A

Dormancy

Hibernation–> winter sleep–> mammalian
Estivation–> summer sleep–> lung fish
Torpor–> short period of inactivity–> humming birds
Diapause–> arrested state of development–> rivulus fishes

Acclimation–> reversible change in the physiology or morphology–> increase HSP during high temp

Behavioral

Daily–> burrowing, nocturnal, basking
Seasonal–> migration

Developmental–> non reversible change–> sun and shade leaves in oaks

55
Q

Explain and give examples of the 3 dispersion patterns of individuals. What is the difference between dispersion dispersal

A

Uniform–> equal spacing among individuals

  • Territoriality–> allelopathy in plants

Clumped (contagious)–> discrete clusters–> resources are patchy, safety in numbers, reproduction
Random–> position independent–> overstory trees–> dispersal of gametes is random

Dispersal–> movement between populations
Dispersion–> spatial arrangement of individuals in a population

56
Q

Describe 4 ways to estimate N in wild populations. What are some benefits and drawbacks of each?

A
  • Schnabel Mark-recapture–> more accurate, time consuming
  • Jolly-Seber–> difficult to calculate, open system
  • Lincoln-Peterson–> simple, quick, poor accuracy
  • Delury-Depletion–> since the habitat must be closed it has limited application, great statistical properties
57
Q

Compare a static and cohort life table.

A

Static–> sample 1–> assume constant mortality–> recreating an average age class (cohort)
Cohort–> track individuals from birth to death

58
Q

Compare and contrast exponential growth with geometric growth

A

Geometric–> Nt= N0lambdat

  • Discrete generations
  • Semelparous organisms
  • Discrete birth and death pulses
  • Lambda–> finite growth rate

Exponential–> dN/dt= rN

  • Interoparous
  • Overlapping generations
  • Continuous reproduction
    • Mortality
  • r–> intrinsic rate of increase
59
Q

Define intraspecific competition. What are the two types of competition? What is meant by density dependent?

A

Intraspecific competition–> competition within a species
Competition is the interaction between individuals for a required resource that is in limited supply, which leads to reduced fitness for both (-,-)
Two types:

Exploitation (scramble)–> early bird gets the worm–> do direct contact

Have to do it faster, earlier, predation

Interference (contest)–> direct interaction

Density dependent–> the magnitude of the impact is directly correlated with density
Density independent would be like a tornado, does not matter how big the size is it will destroy (environmental disasters)

60
Q

There are three end points in life history theory (Wine Miller and Rose) (Wilson and MacArthur–> r and K)

A

Periodic–> in variable environments, but it is constant–> predictable environments–> drought/flood
Equilibrium–> K
Opportunistic–> r

61
Q

Describe the logistic growth model.

A

dN/dt = rN(1-N/k)
= rN ( K-N/K)

  • When N approaches 0 –> dN/dt = rN (1) –> exponential
  • N increasing –> K - > 0/K = < 1
    • dN/dt = rN ( < 1) –> growth rate decreases
  • N = K –> K-K/K = 0
    • dN/dt = rN (0) = 0

Per capita

  • dN/dt x 1/N = r(1)

Max population growth rate –> 1/2 dN/dt max

62
Q

K–> carrying capacity

A

Highest density that the environment can withstand indefinitely

63
Q

For the logistic mode fill in the following graphs

A
64
Q

Discuss r and K selection from the stand point of: adult and juvenile size, tome to maturation, intraspecific competition, energy allocation to reproduction, interspecific competition, dispersal abilities

A
65
Q

Explain the Lokta-Volterra competition model. What are the equations, zero growth solutions (equilibrium) and the 4 possible outcomes

A
66
Q

Lokta-Volterra equitions

A
67
Q

Species Interactions

A
68
Q

Lotka-Volterra

A
69
Q

El Nino

A
70
Q

Zero-growth isocline

A
71
Q

Gause’s Law

A
72
Q

fundamental niche

A
73
Q

realized niche

A

niche set by competition, small than fundamental niche

74
Q

charcter displacement

A

the shift in the feeding niche –> by change in the morphology

75
Q

allopatric

A
76
Q

sympatric

A
77
Q

resource partitioning

A

how niches differentiate themselves for different resources

  1. feed at different time
  2. forage at different areas
78
Q

true predator

A
79
Q

herbivore

A
80
Q

parasite

A

prey is alive

general non-lethal

smaller than prey

81
Q

parasitoid

A
82
Q

functional response

A
83
Q

numerical response

A
84
Q

polyphagous

A
85
Q

oligiophagous

A
86
Q

monophagous

A
87
Q

optimal forage

A

optimizes fitness

88
Q

aposomatic coloration

A
89
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A
90
Q

batesian mimicry

A
91
Q

crypsis

A
92
Q
A

Ecology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions