Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

clinical chemistry > exam II > Flashcards

exam II Flashcards

(77 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

the major intracellular cation is ___ and the normal value is ___

A

potassium

3.5-5.0 mM/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the major extracellular cation is ____ and the normal value is ___

A

sodium

136-145 mM/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the major extracellular anion is ___ and the normal value is ___

A

chloride

90-109 mM/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the end point of a mercurimetric chloride assay?

A

violet blue color -> complex of mercury and diphenylcarbozone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what two cations are most likely to be ordered to determine the cause of cardiac tetany?

A

calcium and magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

be able to calculate the anion gap if given values for sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide. be able to correlate abnormal anion gaps with other test results (such as BUN) or with instrument/technologist error.

A

Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3)= 8-18 mmol/L

(Na+ + K+ ) - (Cl- + HCO3) = 12-20 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

to what does % saturation of transferrin refer? what is the normal value?

A

% saturation = serum Fe/ TIBC X 100

20-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

low serum potassium

decreased dietary intake, vomiting, renal dysfunction, arrythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

if tetany is due to calcium, what specific fraction of calcium is involved? will it be increased or decreased?

A

ionized Ca2+

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what analyte in the blood is used to measure serum phosphorous? what is the normal value for serum phosphorus?

A

inorganic phosphate

2.7-4.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is it important to measure serum magnesium levels?

A

because cardiac tetany will cause heart to contract and not release causing death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

in analyzing calcium by atomic absorption, why is lanthanum added?

A

to prevent interference of phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

calcium exists in serum as ____ and ____ which one is physiologically active?

A

ionized and protein bound calcium

Ionized (free) calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a patient with latic acid acidosis would have an ____ anion gap

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the purpose of adding magnesium carbonate to an iron binding capacity?

A

removal of excess unbound iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does TIBC measure?

A

estimates transferrin level in serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the fiske-subbarow method for phosphorus ?

A

phosphate in the serum is combined with ammonium molybdate to form phosphomolybdate. which is then reduced to molybdenum blue (aminonapthasulfonic acid) which is measured with sphectrophotometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

there is an ____ relationship between serum calcium and phosphorus

A

reciprocal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the normal serum calcium level?

A

8.4-10.2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what would be the expected test results for calcium and phosphorus in hyperparathyroidism?

A

increased serum calcium

decreased phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the purpose of adding stannous chloride, ferrous sulfate, and ascorbic acid in the determination of inorganic phosphorus?

A

reducing agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name several things that can affect level of circulating calcium

A

PTH
vitamin D
serum protein levels
bone cell activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what two hormones control serum calcium levels

A

PTH

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which electrolyte is the chief plasma protein base that helps in maintaining osmotic pressure?

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hemolysis has the greatest effect on serum ____ levels
potassium and magnesium
26
what is the function of aldosterone?
promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidney which results in increased water retention increased blood volume increased blood pressure
27
what hormone has the most control over serum phosphate levels?
PTH
28
what is the normal serum osmolarity?
275-295 mosm/kg of H2O
29
what are the four main buffer systems of the body
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system other plasma proteins hemoglobin phosphate-phosphoric acid
30
the pKa of carbonic acid is _____
6.1
31
what is added to the reaction mixture in calcium determinations to prevent interference by magnesium?
8-hydroxyalquinoline
32
what component of freezing point osmometer actually measures the sample temperature?
thermistor
33
what two properties can be used to measure osmolarity?
vapor pressure | freezing point depression
34
what analytes are the main contributors to serum and urine osmolarity?
electrolytes
35
what is the principle of the freezing point osmometer?
freezing point lowered by an amount that is directly proportional to the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution
36
what does the PCO2 electrode actually measure
pH
37
respiratory acidosis is an excess of ____
exchanged CO2
38
during the chloride shift, the chloride moves from ___ to ___ what anion is exchanged for chloride?
plasma to RBC | bicarbonate
39
what buffer system contributes most to the regulation of blood pH? what is the normal ratio of the two of the two portions of the buffer system?
bicarbonate - carbonic acid | 20:1
40
normal blood pH is _____
7.4
41
most of the CO2 present in the blood is in the form of ____
bicarbonate
42
what substance is necessary for the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
2,3- DPG
43
what happens in the body to compensate for a state of metabolic acidosis
lungs compensate by hyperventilating which gets rid of excess CO2
44
what is the cause of metabolic alkalosis
excess HCO3
45
what is p50?
a measure of the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin & an indicator of the position of oxygen on the dissociation curve hgb= 50% saturated 26-27mmHg
46
list several precautions that must be used in handling a specimen for ABGs
must be anaerobic sample transported within 15 minutes complete mixing between palms of hands heparin sample
47
hyperventilation is a common cause of ____
respiratory alkalosis
48
what reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase?
formation of carbonic acid from CO2 & H2O
49
what is the normal range for PCO2?
35-45 mmHg
50
what is the normal range for pO2?
80-100 mmol/L
51
in general respiratory acidosis results from____
decreased exchange of CO2 | hypoventilation
52
be able to recognize the henderson-hasselblach equation
pH= pka + log {base(HCO3)} / {acid(carbonic acid)}
53
a fever of unknown origin would cause a ____ shift on the oxygen dissociation curve while an increased affinity for oxygen causes a ___ shift
right | left
54
which anticoagulant is preferred for ABG analysis?
heparin
55
the pO2 electrode is based on the principle of _____
amperometric measurement
56
what would be the breathing pattern of a patient in respiratory alkalosis?
shallow/rapid (hyperventilation)
57
what its he compensatory mechanism in respiratory acidosis?
reabsorption of HCO3 in kidneys causes an increased amount of HCO3 in blood
58
what ABG parameter is most useful in assessing a fire victim?
pO2
59
how would exposure to air bubbles affect an arterial blood sample?
increased pO2 increased pH pCO2 decrease
60
hyperventilation results in the loss of ___
CO2
61
what events shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?
increased: affinity of Hgb for O2/ pH/ CO2 | decreased p50, 2,3 -DPG, BT, pCO2
62
a supercooled solution has a ____ temperature than its freezing points
colder
63
every mole of solute decreases the freezing point of H20 by ____ degrees
1.86
64
what is the name of the rapid stirrer mechanism in an osmometer?
vibrator
65
what are the four forms of CO2 in the blood?
bicarbonate carbonic acid dissolved CO2 carbamino compounds
66
when calcium levels decline, which hormone is secreted to restore normal calcium levels?
PTH
67
what gases can be measured by a co-oximeter?
carboxyhemoglobin sulfhemoglobin methemoglobin
68
how should the sample of an ABG measurement ben mixed?
roll between palms
69
name several suitable sites for ABG draws
radial brachial femoral temporal
70
normal value of pH
7.35-7.45
71
normal value of pO2
80-100
72
normal value of pCO2
35-45
73
normal O2 saturation
95-100
74
normal HCO3
22-26
75
if pH is decreased
acidosis
76
if pH is increased
alkalosis
77
example: pH=7.5 pCO2=44 HCO3= 30
pH is increased and bicarbonate is increased | this suggests metabolic alkalosis

clinical chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions