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OS Exam II > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

How many cervical vertebral segments are there?

A

7 cervical vertebrae

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2
Q

What makes C1 Atlas “atypical”

A

Lacks a vertebral body

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3
Q

What makes C2 Axis “atypical”

A

Has a dens (body from Atlas)

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4
Q

What movement occurs at OA Joint?

What movement occurs at AA joint?

A

OA Joint- occiput moves on Atlas

AA Joint- Atlas moves on Axis

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5
Q

What is the anterior vertebral line of c-spine?

A

Anterior line running down vertebral bodies

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6
Q

What is the posterior vertebral line of c-spine?

A

A line running posteriorly down the transverse processes

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7
Q

What is the spinolaminar line of c-spine?

A

A line running down the proximal portion of the spinous processes

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8
Q

What is the posterior spinous line of c-spine?

A

A line running down the distal ends of spinous processes

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9
Q

What type of biomechanical movement occurs at the OA Joint? How is it classified and documented?

A

OA Joint= Modified Type I mechanic
Rotation and SB occur in opposite directions WITH flexion or extension (why its modified)
Ex. OA F RR SL

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10
Q

What type of biomechanics occurs at typical c-spine (c2-c7)? What planes do the movements occur in?

A

C2-C7 biomechanics- Type II Mechanics
Rotations and side bending occur in same direction from non-neutral position
Rotation in transverse plane
Translation/side bending in coronal plane
Ex. C3 F RR SR

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11
Q

What is c-spine ROM?

A

Flexion- 45-90
Extension- 45-90
Sidebending- 45
Rotation- 70-90

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12
Q

What is the primary movement that occurs at the AA joint? How do you document it?

A

AA joint- ROTATION

Ex. AA RR

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13
Q

What does the thorax house? (Organ system)

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular organ systems

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14
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicles, scapula, upper extremity, pectoral and shoulder musculature

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15
Q

What is the floor of the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

What makes up the rib cage?

A

Sternum, 12 ribs, costal cartilage, T spine, intervertebral discs

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17
Q

Why is the rib cage rigid?

A

To protect organs and resist negative pressure

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18
Q

Why is the rib cage flexible?

A

So it can change shape required for respiration

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19
Q

What three bones make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid

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20
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with?

A

Clavicle and first rib

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21
Q

What is the articulation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum called?

A

Sternal angle

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22
Q

What are the articulations between costal cartilage and the body of the sternum called?

A

Costal notches

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23
Q

What is the osteological feature of T spine that articulates with the heads of a rib?

A

Costal facets (superior and inferior) on the vertebral bodies

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24
Q

What is the osteological feature of t spine that articulates with tubercles of ribs?

A

Transverse costal facets on TP of t spine

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25
What makes up a costovertebral joint?
Head of rib articulating with superior costal facet of vertebral body of same number and inferior costal facet of vertebral body one segment above
26
What ligaments make up a costovertebral joint?
Radiate and interosseous ligaments
27
What articulations make up the costotransverse joint?
Tubercle of rib articulating with TP at transverse costal facet
28
What ligaments make up the costotransverse joint?
Superior costotransverse ligament, lateral costotransverse ligament, intertransverse ligament, costotransverse ligament
29
Where are the spinous processes of T1-T3 located with regards to their corresponding TP?
T1-T3- SP on same level as corresponding TP
30
Where are the spinous processes of T4-T6 located with regards to their corresponding TP?
T4-T6- SP located half segment below corresponding TP
31
Where are the spinous processes of T7-T9 located with regards to their corresponding TP?
T7-T9- SP located at level of TP one segment below corresponding TP
32
What rule does T10, T11, and T12 follow with regards to SP and TP?
T10- follows T7-T9 T11- follows T4-T6 T12- follows T1-T3
33
What spinal mechanics do t-spine segments undergo? And how do you document them?
Undergo Type I and Type II mechanics Type I- T4-T7 N RR SL Type II- T4 F RR SR
34
What motion occurs mainly at upper and middle t spine? | What motion occurs mainly at lower t spine?
Upper and middle t spine- mostly rotation | Lower t spine- mostly flexion with some extension (due to natural kyphosis)
35
Where are sympathetic ganglion cells located?
Sympathetic ganglion cells are located in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia on the sympathetic trunk
36
What do T1-T4 sympathetics supply? T1-T5? T2-T7?
T1-T4- head and neck T1-T5- heart T2-T7- lungs
37
What do sympathetics of T5-T9 supply?
T5-T9- symp to upper abdominal viscera
38
What do sympathies of T10-T11 supply?
T10-T11- symp to lower abdominal viscera
39
What do sympathetics of T12-L2 supply?
T12-L2- sympathetics to lower abdominal viscera
40
Which ribs are true ribs and why? Which ribs are false ribs and why? Which ribs are floating ribs and why?
True ribs- 1-7 and are vertebrocostal False ribs- 8-10 and are vertebrochondral (connect to costal cartilage of true ribs) Floating ribs- 11 and 12 don't articulate with sternum
41
What is the space called that separates ribs and costal cartilage from each other?
Intercostal space
42
How do you name intercostal spaces? What is the space below rib 12 called?
Name intercostal space for the highest rib involved Ex. Intercostal space 4 is between rib 4 and 5 Space below rib 12 is subcostal space
43
What are the muscles of inhalation?
Diaphragm | External intercostal > internal intercostal muscles
44
What are the muscles of exhalation?
Rectus abdominus, internal/external obliques, transverse abdominus
45
What are the accessory muscles of inhalation?
SCM and scalenes
46
What actions do the muscle of respiration have on the sternum and ribs?
Elevate sternum and ribs
47
What are the 3 motions that ribs make during respiration?
Pump handle Bucket handle Caliper
48
What is the Pump Handle rib motion analogous to? What direction do the ribs move? What happens to A/P diameter? Which ribs are the primary Pump handles?
Flexion/Extension Ribs move anteriorly A/P diameter will increase Ribs 2-6 are primary pump handles
49
What is the Bucket handle motion of ribs analogous to? What direction do the ribs move? What happens to the transverse diameter? Which ribs are the primary bucket handles?
Abduction/Adduction Ribs move laterally Transverse diameter increases Ribs 7-10 are primary bucket handles
50
What motion is Caliper analogous to? | Which ribs take part in this type of motion?
Internal/external rotation | Ribs 11 and 12
51
With regards to inhalation rib dysfunction, pump handle and bucket handle are both restricted on what? Where will the narrowing of intercostal space occur?
Pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on exhalation during inhalation rib dysfunction Intercostal space will narrow above the dysfunctional rib
52
With regards to exhalation rib dysfunction, pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on what? Where will intercostal space narrow?
Pump handle and bucket handle are restricted on inhalation during exhalation rib dysfunction Intercostal space will narrow below the dysfunctional rib
53
Which rib is the key rib during group inhalation rib dysfunction? Which rib is the key rib during group exhalation rib dysfunction?
Group inhalation dysfunction- lowest rib involved | Group exhalation dysfunction- uppermost rib involved
54
What movements occur in lumbar spine?
Flexion and extension
55
What limits SB and rotation in lumbar spine?
The sagittal placements of the facets
56
What lumbar spinal segment is affected by sacralization?
L5 fusing with sacrum
57
What sacral segment is affected by lumbarization?
S1 fusing with L5
58
What is spondylolysis? What associated disorder can it lead to?
Spondylolysis is breaking your pars and can lead to spondylolethesis which is anterior displacement of vertebral bodies
59
What type of spinal mechanics does the lumbar spine undergo?
Type 1 and Type 2
60
With regards to lumbar spine type 1 mechanics, what motion occurs first and what maintains the motion?
Lumbar spine, type 1 mechanics, SB occurs first, maintained by long restrictors
61
With regards to lumbar spine type 2 mechanics, what motion occurs first and what maintains the motion?
Lumbar spine, type 2 mechanics, rotation occurs first, maintained by short restrictors
62
With regards to lumbar spine, what direction does the sacrum move?
Lumbar spine and sacrum move in opposite directions
63
When the lumbar spine herniated, which spinal nerve is affected?
The spinal nerve of the lower lumbar vertebrae involved | Ex. Herniated disc between L3-L4 will compress spinal nerve L4
64
What is spina bifida? What supplement reduces its incidence?
Failure of vertebral arch to fuse | Folate supplements reduce incidence
65
What is spina bifida occulta? Where does it commonly occur? What are symptoms?
Congenital defect where vertebral arch fails to fuse Commonly occurs at L5-S1 Asymptomatic- will have hair tuff
66
What is spina bifida menigocele?
When meninges are forces out of unfused vertebral arch into cyst like sac
67
What is spina bifida meningomylocele?
Most common form of spina bifida where the spinal cord protrudes out of unfused vertebral arch through an opening and is exposed to outside environment
68
About where does the spinal cord terminate? | What happens to the spinal cords diameter with age?
L1-L2 | Diameter decreases with age
69
What is cauda equina syndrome? | What are some symptoms and what does it lead to?
Cauda equina syndrome is edema of spinal cord which puts pressure on cauda equina Results in progressive weakness, saddle paralysis of lower limbs, and bladder and bowel incontinence
70
Periumbilical chapman reflex? 5th ICS chapman reflex? 6th ICS chapman reflex? 7th ICS chapman reflex?
Periumbilical- adrenals, kidneys, bladder 5th ICS- stomach and liver 6th ICS- stomach and gallbladder and liver 7th ICS- spleen and pancreas
71
Pump handle: Bucket handle for ribs
``` Rib 1 is 50:50 Rib 2 is 90:10 pump to bucket Rib 3 is 80:20 Rib 4 is 70:30 Rib 5 is 60: 40 Rib 6 is 50:50 Rib 7 is 40:60 Rib 8 is 30:70 Rib 9 is 20:80 Rib 10 is 10:90 Ribs 11 and 12 are caliber ```

OS Exam II (2 decks)

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