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Cell Biology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

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1
Q

Regeneration

A

1:1 replacement of cells, with exact same cell type. Always helpful, never pathological.

Example: liver transplant. regeneration following vascular surgery

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in # of cells in a tissue, but cells are still funcitonal. can be pathological or can be fine.

Example: hematopoietic cells in bone marrow following blood loss. Graves disease (harmful), smooth muscle cells in arterial wall of atherosclerosis.

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

adaptive substitution of one cell type to another. Always pathological (net harm). chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, smokers

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4
Q

Dysplasia

A

pre-curser to cancer. Cells are irregular, different sizes, large nuclei. Have to remove the stimulus, or it will lead to cancer.

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5
Q

Neoplasia

A

irreversible proliferation of cells continues even in the absence of external stimulus.

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6
Q

Benign vs. malignant

A

benign: loss of proliferation controls only
malignant: loss of both proliferation and positional controls

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7
Q

What is an example of a benign neoplasia?

A

Uterine Fibroids

  • problematic in 20% of women
  • higher incidence in black women
  • only treatment is hysterectomy.
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8
Q

What causes necrosis?

A

sustained ischemia, physical or chemical trauma.

cells swell, organelles damages, chromatin randomly degraded

cells lyse, organelles destroyed

leads to inflammation

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9
Q

What causes apoptosis?

A

triggered by specific signals that activate specific genes

cells shrink, organelles intact, chromatin degraded systematically

membrane blebs, cell contents retained

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10
Q

What is syndactyly and polydactyly an example of?

A

apoptosis gone wrong

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11
Q

What is the replacement of ciliated columnar epithelium by stratified squamus epithelium in response to chronic inflammation an example of?

A

metaplasia

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12
Q

What is an abnormal pap smear an example of?

A

dysplasia

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13
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Prepares cell for replicating DNA, cell is busy doubling its contents in anticipation of division

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14
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

What happens in G2?

A

prepares cell for segregation/division of genome and cytoplasm

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16
Q

What happens in M?

A

mitosis and cytokenesis

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17
Q

What phase are 99% of cells in?

A

G0

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18
Q

Which cyclin couple regulates the M phase and what happens?

A

Cyclin B/cdk1 complex;

  1. phosphorylation of lamins
  2. phosphorylation of histones
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19
Q

What complexes have to build up to phosphorylate the Rb protein?

A

CDK4-6/Cyclin D and cyclin E/CDK2

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20
Q

What are the key features of apoptosis?

A
  1. Triggered by specific signals that activate specific genes
  2. cells shrink, organelles intact, chromatin degraded systematically
  3. membrane blebs, cell contents retained
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21
Q

What are the key features of necrosis/cell lysis?

A
  1. Triggered by ischemia or trauma
  2. cells swell, organelles damaged, chromatin degraded randomly
  3. cells lyse, organelles destroyed.

Disordered; leads to inflammation

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22
Q

Does the Bcl family of proteins modify the intrinsic or extrinsic cell death pathway?

A

Intrinsic only

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23
Q

What simulates the intrinsic growth pathway?

A

growth factor/survival factor withdrawal, glucocorticoids, viruses, DNA damage causing events, toxins, free radicals

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24
Q

What stimulates the extrinsic cell death pathway?

A

TNF or Fas ligand binding to cell surface receptors

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25
What are the three key steps in apoptosis?
1. inducers 2. modulators (Bcl-2_ 3. effectors (caspases and endonucleases)
26
Where do endonucleases cleave DNA in apoptosis?
in the linker regions between nucleosomes, or can cleave cytoskeleton proteins resulting in blebbing
27
What is cachexia (wasting) in cancer patients a sign of?
Apoptosis (too much)
28
Which tissues see the greatest frequencies of apoptosis?
Those with the most cell proliferation: thymus, spleen, small intestine, epidermis, ovarian follicles
29
Where is type 4 collagen found?
basal lamina
30
Where is type 2 collagen found?
in cartilege
31
What does endostatin do and where is it cleaved from?
It is a powerful anti angiogeneisis protein cleaved from collagen type XVIII ( a blood vessel specific collagen)
32
What is endostatin used to treat?
cancer and macular degeneration
33
What role do proteoglycans and hyaluronan play?
They provide hydration and structural support for cells and act as shock absorbers. They are a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines
34
Which element of the cell matrix does marfans target?
fibrillin (elastic fibers)
35
Pemphigus (blistering disease)
autoAbs to cadherins
36
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
integrin defect
37
metastatic cancer
MMPs (Matric Metalloproteinases)
38
Menkes disease
collagen I cross linking
39
Goodpasture syndrome
autoAbs to collagen IV; affects both kidney and lungs
40
Alport syndrome
mutations in collagen IV gene, only affects kidney
41
Ehler Danlos syndrome
defects in collagen synthesis and fibril assembly
42
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Mutaiton in collagen I gene
43
Scurvy
collagen cross linking defect due to lack of vitamin C
44
Angiogenesis
the formation of new blood vessels (Matrix metalloproteases)
45
What cyclins are associated with S phase?
cdk2 and cyclin A
46
What complexes phosphorylate the Rb protein
Cdk2/cyclin E and cdk4/6 and cyclin D
47
Spermiogenesis key points
1. acrosome is a specialized form of golgi 2. mid piece has mitochondria to provide energy to tail 3. sperm are produced from puberty onward
48
What does FSH do?
stimulates ovarian follicle growth, differentiation, and steroidogenesis (mainly estrogen)
49
What does LH do?
stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and steroidogenesis
50
What does PGE2 do?
contracts thecal cells, expelling oocyte, blocks activation of T-ce;;s and NK cells, contracts uterus
51
What does Collagen type IV do?
forms sheetlike networks, basal lamina
52
Which proteins are involved in the rolling of the leukocyte and which are involved in sticking?
1. matricellular protein (p-selectin which is on the endothelial cell) 2. sticking and extravasation is due to integrin on leukocyte (ICAM is expressed on inflamed tissue)
53
What phase are primary oocytes arrested in?
Prophase of meiosis 1
54
What phase are secondary oocytes arrested in?
metaphase of meiosis II
55
Chondrodysplasias
collagen II or chondroitin PGs
56
What are matricellular proteins?
fibronectin, laminin, selectins
57
What is the receptor on the sperm that induces the acrosome reaction?
ZP3 (within the zona pellucida glycoproteins) this is what is species specific
58
What reaction blocks polyspermy?
the cortical rxn: lysosomal derivatives that cross link proteins in the zona pellucida
59
Timeline of development. ``` What happens at day: 0? 1? 2? 3-4? 4-14? 15-17? ```
0- complete fertilization when the pronuclei fuse 1- 2-cell embryo 2- 4-cell embryo 3-4 days: Morula 4-14: Blastocyst 15-17: gastrula (3 germ layers)
60
What is the difference between ashermans and STI scarring?
Ashermans is the uterine lining, result of surgery. STI scarring is the vaginal canal of cervix
61
What is the disease w/ no uterus?
Mayer-rokitansky-kuster-hauser

Cell Biology (2 decks)

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