Exam II Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What should not be added to gastric lavage in a dog poisoned with strychnine?
A
Sodium bicarbonate
2
Q
The rodenticide that is characterized by acetylene odor is
A
zinc phosphide
3
Q
All of the following drugs can be used to control the CNS effects of strychnine except: 1. barbiturate 2. benzodiazepines 3. phenothiazines 4. xylzine 5. guaifenesin
A
- Phenothiazines
4
Q
All of the following drugs may increase the effects of warfarin except: 1. phenylbutazone 2. aspirin 3. heparin 4. phenobarbital 5. chloramphenicol
A
- phenobarbital
5
Q
An immediate reversal of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin rodenticides can be produced by intravenous
A
infusion of whole fresh blood (or FFP)
6
Q
Vitamin D3 rodenticide toxicosis is associated with
A
hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
7
Q
What rodenticide causes cerebral and spinal edema MAINLY by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP?
A
bromethalin
8
Q
Which of the following are LEAST likely clinical signs of fluoroacetate (compound 1080) toxicosis in the horse? a. colic, trembling, and staggering b. tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation c. clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonos d. signs of respiratory insufficiency
A
C. clonic-tonic convulsive seizures and opisthotonos ( THIS IS IN THE DOG!!!! not ponies)
9
Q
A dog showing signs of anorexia, vomiting blood, cardiac arrhythmias, and PU/PD is MOST likely intoxicated with:
A
Cholecalciferol
10
Q
The route of choice for administration of vitamin K1 is
A
PO
11
Q
Which clotting proteins does the MOA of anticoagulant rodenticides target?
A
1972! X, IX, VII, and II
12
Q
Administration of the following drug may increase warfarin toxicity EXCEPT: a. aspirin b. sulfonamides c. phenobarbital d. steroids. e. thyroxine
A
C. Phenobarbital
13
Q
Which of the following species are sensitive to anticoagulant rodenticides in decreasing order?
A
pigs»_space; dogs/cats»_space; ruminants»_space; horses»chickens
14
Q
What is the BEST sample for chemical analysis to help confirm a diagnosis of cholecalciferol toxicosis in a LIVE GSD?
A
Serum
15
Q
Cholecalciferol toxicosis is LEAST likely to be associated with which of the following clincopathological changes a. hypercalcemia. b. hypokalemia. c. hypophosphatemia d. elevated creatinine e. elevated BUN
A
hypophosphatemia
16
Q
Which of the following drugs would you use to reduce brain swelling caused by bromethalin rodenticide toxicosis in animals?
A
glucocorticoid
17
Q
The toxic agent MOST likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons is
A
arsanilic acid
18
Q
Deferoxamine is the chelating agent of choice for
A
IRON
19
Q
Enlarged yellow liver, enlarged friable and hemorrhagic kidneys, enlarged black spleen, and red wine-colored urine are lesions MOST likely associated with
A
Chronic copper toxicosis
20
Q
Reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle can be used as a diagnostic test in toxicosis with
A
molybdenum
21
Q
Chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, and lameness in cattle suggest toxicosis with
A
molybdenum
22
Q
Clinical signs of subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs are generally similar to toxicosis with
A
arsanilic acid
23
Q
Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states EXCEPT: a. south dakota b. north dakota c. wyoming d. florida. e. montana
A
D. FLORIDA (think selenium = midwest)
24
Q
Which of the following is NOT effective in the treatment or prevention of chorinc selenium toxicosis? a. the addition of copper to diet b. the addition of organic arsenicals to the diet c. intramuscular injection of BAL d. increasing the dietary level of sulfur-containing proteins
A
C. Intramuscular injection of BAL
25
Inhibition of lipoic acid which results in inhibition of citric acid cycle is the MOA of??
Trivalent arsenic
26
Which metal toxicoses causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?
LEAD!!!
27
If a sheep has chronic copper toxicosis, what are you going to see clinically?
Jaundice, hemoglobinuria, methemoglobinemia, hemolysis
28
The presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with
SELENIUM
29
A dog showing GI signs followed by a phase of apparent recovery, which deteriorates into multiorgan failure is MOST likely poisoned with oral
IRON
30
What metal toxicosis are you LEAST likely to see GI signs with?
organic arsenic feed additives (you will see them with lead, zinc, inorganic arsenic, and iron)
31
Lameness, hoof abnormalities, emaciation, and loss of hair in cattle most likely suggests toxicosis with
chronic selenium
32
Methylene blue IV is the antidotal tx for
nitrate
33
Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock mainly because
accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant
34
Ingestion of kerosine is most likely to cause
severe aspiration pneumonia
35
chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle causes
lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear
36
The specimen of choice to confirm a dx of chronic fluoride poisoning in a live animal is
urine
37
A selenium indicator plant which is grown widely in the west is:
princess plume (stanlyea spp.)
38
The specimen of choice for nitrate poisoning in an animal that has been dead for several hours is
ocular fluid
39
Late clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning are PRIMARILY related to
acute renal failure
40
If the type of the anticoagulant rodenticide is unknown, duration of Vit K1 treatment should be
3-4 weeks
41
Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is recommended as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs TRUEEEEE or FALSEEEEEEEEEE
ISSS TRUEEEEEEEEEEE
42
Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant in-vivo and in-vitro by inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibiting activation of vit-k dependent clotting factors
TRUEEEEEE
43
Petroleum products of low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential
TRUEEEEEEEE
44
The specimen of choice for chemical analysis of strychinine in a live animal is
urine
45
All of the following drugs can be used to control the convulsions in strychnine poisoning except: a. pentobarbital. b. thiopental c. butorphanol d. diazepam e. methocarbamol
C. Butorphanol
Explanation: Pentobarbital to effect in the dog and thiobarbiturates in cats, diazepam effect is variable, methocarbamol, guaifenesin, or xylazine can be used as alternatives. OPIOIDS, PHENOTHIAZINES, BUTYROPHENONES, NMBS, AND DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS ARE CONTRAINDICATED.
46
The specimen of choice for chemical analysis of the anticoagulant rodenticides in a live animal is
blood or serum
47
```
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used in decontamination in strychnine poisoning:
A. induced emesis
B. activated charcoal
C. antacids
D. diluted tannic acid solution
```
C. Antacids!
Explanation: strychnine is an alkaolid and will keep doing bad things in a low acidity environment
48
Which animals are most sensitive to strychnine toxicosis
Moos!
49
What does warfarin inhibit?
Vitamin K epoxide reductase
50
Administration of Vit K1 immediately reverses the action of anticoagulant rodenticides - True or False
FALSE, son!
51
Which of the following toxicants is most likely to be associated with elevation of citrate in the blood or kidney tissue?
fluoroacetate
52
The most sensitive animals to fluoroacetate toxicosis are?
DOGS!!!
53
A dog showing autonomic signs including vomiting, colic, diarrhea, mydriasis, dyspnea, nervous signs including convulsions; locomotor signs including ataxia; then recover to show signs of liver failure and metabolic acidosis 2-3 days later is MOST likely intoxicated with?
Metaldehyde
54
Which is LEAST likely concerning paraquat toxicosis?
A. Onset of respiratory signs is within 1-4 hours
B. Signs in dogs and cats include vomiting, CNS depression, and severe dyspnea
C. Lesions include pulmonary edema, congestion, and hemorrhage, and may be lingual ulcers
D. Death is due to difficulty in gaseous exchange resulting from lung damage
A!
Resp signs are DELAYED and won't see until 2-7 days post exposure
55
What causes signs of respiratory insufficiency and overheating MAINLY by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and blocking or decreasing ATP?
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) aka Angel Dust
56
A negative ethylene glycol test in cats means that the cat has not been exposed to a toxic level of ethylene glycol
False
57
The MOST sensitive species to ethylene glycol poisoning is
Cats
58
Acute renal failure as a result of ethylene glycol toxicosis usually occurs how long after ingestion in the DOG?
24-72 hours after ingestion
59
The most toxic detergents are?
automatic dishwashing detergents
60
The clinical signs associated with water deptrivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be MAINLY caused by
cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells
61
Which metal toxicosis causes inhibition of the activity of several enzymes in heme synthesis?
lead
62
Antidotal (SPECIFIC) tx of inorganic arsenic toxicosis is????????
BAL (dimercaporl) IM
63
The dx of lead toxicosis in dogs is BEST established on the basis of
blood levels of lead
64
Inhibition of lipoic acid which results in inhibition of citric acid cycle is the mechanism of action of
trivalent arsenic
65
All of the following are clinical signs of arsanilic acid toxicosis in swine EXCEPT!!!!
A. anorexia
B. incoordination and ataxia
C. partial paralysis
D. erythema and sensitivity to light in white-skin pigs
A. Anorexia
66
The most susceptible animals to iron toxicosis are
pigs and dogs
67
What are the major symptoms of acute zinc toxicosis?
GI, hematologic, and renal
68
```
Which of the following is LEAST likely a clinicopathologic change in ethylene glycol poisoning?
A. hypercreatinemia
B. Hyperphosphatemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Systemic alkalosis
E. High Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
```
D. Systemic alkalosis
69
```
All of the following decrease GI absorption of lead EXCEPT:
A. zinc
B. protein
C. acidity
D. calcium
```
C. acidity
70
What is the sample of choice for detection of lead to submit to a lab to help confirm toxicosis in a puppy?
whole blood
71
Ethylene glycol poisoning usually decreases the anionic gap about 4x the normal level. True or False?
LIES! False.
It usually INCREASES by about 4x
72
Fomepizole (4-methyl pyrazole) is used as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs, but is not recommended in cats. True or False?
FALSE . used in both
73
The most common source of lead toxicosis in small animals is lead-based paints True or False?
True!
74
The route of choice for administration of vitamin K is
ORAL!
75
In addition to antidotal tx of ethylene glycol poisoning, what is also important?
Supportive tx with sodium bicarbonate
76
The recommended chelating agent for lead toxicosis in pet birds is:
dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer)
77
All of the following decrease GI absoprtion of lead EXCEPT:
a. zinc
b. protein
c. acidity
d. calcium
C. acidity
78
```
Which of the following is LEAST likely a source of lead toxicosis in cattle in the USA?
A. insecticide
B. storage batteries
C. contaminated pasture
D. paint
```
A. insecticide
79
Oil poisoning can cause methemoglobin formation. True or False?
FALSE
80
Phenolic compounds (coal tar products) can cause toxicity by all of the following except:
A. irritancy
B. coagulative necrosis
C. methemoglobin formation
D. stimulation of respiratory center
E. uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
E. uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
81
```
All of the following drugs can be used in the tx of strychnine poisoning except:
A. ketamine
b. pentobarbital
c. xylazine
d. diazepam
e. methocarbamol
```
A. Ketamine
82
Which of the following statements about paraquat is LEAST accurate:
A. is caustic to mucous membranes
B. is inactivated by soil and light
C. its toicity is enhanced by selenium-vitamin E deficiiency and depletion of glutathione
D. it binds strongly to soil
E. oxygen therapy is used in severe cases of toxicosis
E. O2 tx
NO! NEVER! Uh uhhhhhhhhhh
83
What causes toxicosis mainly by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation?
PCP! pentachlorphenol
84
```
Which of the following clinicopathologic parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in a horse poisoned with monensin?
A. LDH
B. AlkPhos
C. Creatine phosphokinase
D. PCV
E. potassium
```
E. potassium
85
```
Which of the following toxicants is most likely to cause degeneration and pale areas in the myocardium and skeletal muscles as well as damage in the liver and kidney in most species
A. organophosphate
b. sodium ion/water deprivation
c. monensin
d. urea
e. none of the above
```
monensin
86
The CSs associated with water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine are thought to be mainly caused by
cerebral edema and overhydration of nerve cells
87
Adding 20% ferric chloride to urine sample results in purple color urine is used to detect the presence of what toxicant in urine?
phenol
88
Repeated exposure to small amounts of strychnine over time is more toxic than large single exposure. True or False
FALSE
89
What rodenticide is most likely to cause increased ICP and posterior paralysis?
bromethalin
90
The most sensitive animals to zinc phosphide toxicosis are
caged birds
91
Cats that recover the acute phase of metaldehyde toxicosis develop liver failure within 2-3 days of exposure. True or False
FALSE
92
What is the combination of blood chemistry that BEST characterizes urea (NPN) toxicosis in ruminants?
acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and elevated BUN
93
Which of the following about CSs of urea toxicosis is Least accurate?
A. slow onset of clinical signs (24-48hrs)
B. nausea and salivation
C. muscle tremors and convulsive seizures
D. urination
A. slow onset
Explanation
rapid onset! 30min to 3hrs
death within 1-2 hours
94
```
Which of the following conditions is least likely to elevate rumen pH?
a. fasting
b protein overload such as soybean
c. grain overload
d. urea toxicosis
```
c. grain overload
95
The most likely pathognomonic evidence of water deprivation/sodium ion toxicosis in swine is:
eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
96
Hematologic signs including hemolytic anemia, icterus, and hemoglobinuria are most likely seen in which of the following toxicosis?
zinc
97
The toxic agent most likely to produce degeneration of peripheral neurons is
arsanilic acid
98
deferoxamine is the chelated agent of choice for
iron
99
reduced cytochrome oxidase in cattle can be used as a diagnostic test in toxicosis with
molybdenum
100
Chronic diarrhea, depigmentation, emaciation, and lameness in cattle suggest toxicosis with
molybdenum
101
CSs of subacute selenium toxicosis in pigs are generally similar to toxicosiswith
arsanilic acid
102
Swine consuming feed containing high (10ppm) levels of selenium over several weeks are likely to show clinical signs that would be very similar to which toxicosis?
arsanilic acid toxicosis
103
Poisoning by ingestion of seleniferous plants can be seen in the following states except:
a. south dakota
b. north dakota
c. montana
d. wyoming
e. new york
e. new york
104
the presence of an odor of rotten garlic in a fresh carcass is suggestive of acute toxicosis with
selenium
105
The metal toxicosis least likely to cause signs of gastroenteritis is
organic arsenic feed additives
106
Methylene blue IV is the antidotal tx for
nitrate
107
The most appropriate tx for nitrate poisoning is
methylene blue
108
Ingestion of plants that have been sprayed with the recommended levels of 2,4-D herbicides may cause poisoning in livestock MAINLY because
accumulation of toxic levels of nitrate by the plant
109
Ingestion of a plant that has been sprayed with a 2,4-D herbicide may cause poisoning in livestock MAINLY because of accumulation of toxic levels of which toxicant by the plant?
nitrate
110
Ingestion of kerosine is most likely to cause
severe aspiration pneumonia
111
Chronic fluoride poisoning in cattle causes
lameness, exostoses, and excessive dental wear
112
The specimen of choice to confirm a diagnosis of chronic fluoride poisoning in a live animal is:
urine
113
What is the specimen of choice to confirm a clinical diagnosis of chronic fluoride toxicosis?
urine
114
Dogs poisoned by ingesting large amount of chocolate will be expected to show what clinical signs?
convulsions, tremors, tachycardia, and urination
115
Which of the following serum parameters is LEAST likely to be elevated in urea toxicosis?
a. ammonia
b. BUN
c. glucose
d. pH
e. ALT, AST
D. pH
116
Petroleum products of low boiling points, low viscosity, and low surface tension generally have more pneumotoxic potential. True or False
TRUE
117
Which of the following toxicoses in swine is generally similar to Vit B complex deficiency?
a. lead
b. zinc
c. inoragnic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. iron
d. organic arsenic
118
the drug of choice for the tx of acute anaphylactic shock due to iron toxicosis in piglets is
epinephrine
119
Which of the following metals is most likely to cross the blood-brain-barrier?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. inorganic arsenic
d. organic arsenic
e. lead
e. lead
120
D-penicillamine is the chelated agent of choice for
copper
121
poisoning by which of the following toxicants is least likely to cause convulsive seizures in cattle?
a. lead
b. urea
c. chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
d. nicotine
e. chronic selenium
e. chronic selenium
122
Decreased blood coagulability after exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides is mainly due to
decreased prothrombin and coagulation factors 7, 9, and 10
123
a toxicant that most likely causes calcification of soft itssues is
cholecalciferol
124
urea toxicosis in cattle is a common disease that is due to hydrolysis of urea to release ammonia which inhibits citric acid cycle resulting in CNS stimulation signs and muscle tremors that usually take several hours to develop. True or False?
FALSE
125
All of the following factors increase urea toxicity except
a. fasting
b. alkaline rumen pH
c. dehydration
d. high energy diet
e. hepatic insufficiency
d. high energy diet
126
Selenium deficiency causes the following diseases except
a. white muscle disease in lambs
b. hepatosis dietetica in young pigs
c. exudative diathesis in chicks
d. nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
e. blind staggers in cattle
e. blind staggers in cattle
127
Which of the following statements about poisoning with petroleum products is least accurate?
a. chlorinated naphathalenes as contaminants may cause bovine hyperkeratosis
b. clinical signs are generally typical of aspiration pneumonia
c. the breath and the feces may smell of oil/kerosine
d. emetics are recommnded in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption
d. emetics are recommended in dogs and cats to prevent further absorption
128
which of the following species are least likely poisoned with chronic fluoride toxicosis?
a. cattle
b. sheep
c. dogs
d. horses
dogs
129
A dog suffering from cardiac arrhythmias due to chocolate poisoning should be treated with
propranolol
130
Excessive amounts of molybdenum cause clinical signs of copper deficiency in cattle. True or False
True!
131
Specimen for zinc toxicity determinant in a live animal?
serum
132
What are the long term effects of monensin in cattle?
death due to lesions in the myocardium
133
There are no pathological signs for NPN toxicosis in ruminants except for bloat and an elevated BUN. True or False
True
134
Paraquat is a plant hormone that alters metabolism of plants which increases their toxicity and improves palatability. True or False
False
135
Dog presented with abdominal pain. Has intravascular hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinurina, and NO CNS signs. What toxicosis is this most likely?
Zinc
136
NPN toxicosis blood work results:
alkaline rumen, acidosis, elevated BUN, elevated ammonia
137
Dogs that survive the acute phase of 3 hours will develop liver failure from what toxicant?
Metaldehyde
138
Which toxicant uses lipolic acid to inhibit the TCA cycle?
trivalent arsenic
139
Signs of CNS stimulation and GI irritation in a dog and heart failure in a horse is most indicative of which toxicant?
fluoroacetate
140
Gastric lavage is contraindicated in which of the following?
a. iron
b. zinc
c. phenols
d. lead
c. phenols
141
acute ingestion of xylitol in the dog would result in what?
hypoglycemia
142
capillary endothelial cells are most sensitive to which of the following:
a. bleach
b. organic arsenic
c. trivalent
d. NPN
e. iron
c. trivalent
143
Clinical sign of sodium ion/water deprivation
eosinophilic perivascular cuffing
144
iron may cause per acute anaphylactoid reaction with histamine release. True or False
True
145
Nonionic detergents are the most toxic, while anionic detergents are more toxic than cationic detergents. True or False
False.
Nonionic - LOW
Anionic - MODERATE
Cationic - HIGH
