Exam II

Question 1

how would you describe a grade 1 tissue injury?

Answer 1

mild pain, swelling, tenderness with stress

Question 2

how would you describe a grade 2 tissue injury?

Answer 2

mdoerate pain, activity must stop, stress and palpation increases pain, torn fibers, increased mobility

Question 3

how would you describe a grade 3 tissue injury?

Answer 3

near or complete avulsion, stress is painless, marked joint instability

Question 4

when muscle tissue is healing, how do collagen fibers mature?

Answer 4

according to the stress placed on it

Question 5

what are 4 types of injuries that can result in nerve damage?

Answer 5

(1) contusions
(2) inflammation
(3) crushing / compression
(4) severing

Question 6

when can a nerve cell not regenerate?

Answer 6

after the nerve cell dies

Question 7

how long does it take for nerves to heal?

Answer 7

depends on how close the injury is to the cell body

Question 8

how long does the acute (inflammatory) stage of healing last?

Answer 8

4-6 days

Question 9

what are the goals for the acute phase of healing? (2)

Answer 9

(1) control pain, edema, and spasm

(2) maintain joint integrity / mobility

Question 10

what treatment can be provided to a patient in the acute phase of healing? (4)

Answer 10

(1) PRICE
(2) pain free passive ROM
(3) active movement of associated areas
(4) grade I and II mobs; soft tissue

Question 11

what are precautions in the acute phase of healing? (2)

Answer 11

(1) increased pain

(2) increased inflammation

Question 12

what are contraindications in the acute phase of healing?

Answer 12

(1) no active ROM
(2) no stretching
(3) no resistance exercise

Question 13

how long does the subacute (proliferation) stage of healing last?

Answer 13

up to 6 weeks

Question 14

what is the main difference observed between the acute and subacute phases of healing?

Answer 14

the injury is starting to improve in subacute; increased fibroblastic activity with decreased inflammation

Question 15

what are the goals for the subacute phase of healing? (3)

Answer 15

(1) promote healing
(2) restore joint / soft tissue mobility
(3) progressively strengthen

Question 16

what treatment can be provided to a patient in the subacute phase of healing? (4)

Answer 16

(1) transition to AROM
(2) watch for signs of inflammation and decreased ROM
(3) grade I and II mobs
(4) no eccentrics early in this phase

Question 17

how is the subacute phase of healing managed?

Answer 17

carefully balancing an appropriate amount of stress to facilitate healing but not over stressing to cause a regression

Question 18

how long does connective tissue respond well to remodeling stress?

Answer 18

8-10 weeks

Question 19

what are the goals for the chronic phase of healing? (4)

Answer 19

(1) decrease pain from stress on contractures / adhesions
(2) increase muscle strength
(3) increase mobility
(4) progress functional independence

Question 20

how long can chronic management last?

Answer 20

12-18 months

Question 21

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 21

a systematic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone strength than increases a person’s risk of fracture

Question 22

what is osteopenia?

Answer 22

low bone mass (start of osteoporosis)

Question 23

how long are bones immobilized after a fracture?

Answer 23

few as 3 weeks for small bones; 8 weeks for larger bones

Question 24

how long does osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity last after a bone has been fractured?

Answer 24

up to 2-3 years

Question 25

what can be said about the healing of cartilage?

Answer 25

(1) healing is limited and variable | (2) healing depends upon severity and involvement of subchondral bone

Question 26

what are the reps for holten's curve?

Answer 26

``` 50% - 31+ reps 60% - 25-30 reps 75% - 15-20 reps 80% - 8-12 reps 90% - 4-6 reps ```

Question 27

what are you targeting for different ranges in holten's curve?

Answer 27

``` 50% - vascularity, tissue healing, mobilization 60% - coordination / endurance 75% - strength / endurance 80% - strength 90% - strength / power ```

Question 28

what are 3 ways stress can be manipulated?

Answer 28

(1) intensity (2) time (3) direction

Question 29

what does stress that is less than maintenance result in? what about stress applied greater than maintenance?

Answer 29

(1) less than maintenance = atrophy (decreased tolerance) (2) at maintenance = no change (3) more than maintenance = hypertrophy (increased tolerance)

Question 30

what can excess stress to tissues lead to?

Answer 30

tissue injury, or tissue death with extremely excessive stress

Question 31

what are 4 factors that affect physical stress and adaptations of tissues?

Answer 31

(1) movement / alignment (2) extrinsic (3) psychosocial (4) physiological

Question 32

what muscle is considered the agonist muscle when using PNF stretching?

Answer 32

the muscle opposite of the range limiting muscle

Question 33

what muscle is considered the antagonist muscle when using PNF stretching?

Answer 33

the range limiting muscle

Question 34

what is the SAID principle?

Answer 34

specific adaptation to imposed demands

Question 35

how much mobility does the median nerve have?

Answer 35

10mm

Question 36

how much mobility does the ulnar nerve have?

Answer 36

8mm

Question 37

how much does a nerve regenerate per day?

Answer 37

1mm

Question 38

what is convergence?

Answer 38

when tension is placed on a nerve bed; nerve gliding is towards the moving joint

Question 39

what is divergence?

Answer 39

when tension is relieved; nerve gliding is away from the moving joint

Question 40

how do you maximally stretch the median nerve?

Answer 40

-shoulder girdle depression -shoulder abduction -elbow extension -shoulder external rotation -supination of the forearm -wrist, finger, and thumb extension -contralateral cervical side flexion

Question 41

how do you maximally stretch the radial nerve?

Answer 41

-shoulder girdle depression -shoulder abduction -elbow extension -shoulder internal rotation -pronation of forearm -wrist, finger, and thumb flexion -wrist ulnar deviation -contralateral cervical side flexion

Question 42

how do you maximally stretch the ulnar nerve?

Answer 42

-shoulder girdle depression -shoulder abduction -shoulder external rotation -elbow flexion -supination of forearm -wrist extension -contralateral cervical side flexion