Exam II: ALL

Question 1

What does an influx of Ca into cells cause?

Answer 1

Activation of : phospholipases,

proteases,

endonucleases

and ATPases

Question 2

This histology slide is characteristic for what kind of cell change?

Answer 2

Hydrophic change

• enlarged cells,
• clear cytoplasm,
• normal nucleus location

Question 3

The organ on the left is exhibiting what type of change?

Answer 3

hydropic degeneration from cell injury (reversible)

-accumulation of water in the cell, caused by multiple injuries agents

Question 4

True or false: fatty changes can be seen in all cell types?

Answer 4

false; occurs only in cells that participate in fat metabolism (hepatocytes), cardiomyocytes and renal tubular epithelium

Question 5

Name the histological change shown here

Answer 5

Lipidosis (fatty degeneration)

• accumulation of fat in cells,
• nucleus pushed to periphery,
• fat accumulation DOES NOT STAIN

Question 6

true or false: when necrosis is present there is always inflammation?

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

This nuclear change is called:

Answer 7

Karyolysis (nuclear fading)

Question 8

This nuclear change is called:

Answer 8

Pyknosis (nuclear shrinking)

Question 9

This nuclear change is called:

Answer 9

karyorrhexis (fragmentation)

Question 10

Name the necrosis pattern associated with hypoxic injury

Answer 10

coagulative

Question 11

pattern of necrosis where cell architecture is preserved

Answer 11

coagulative

Question 12

Name the injury

Answer 12

infarct

Question 13

What type of necrosis is associated with ischemia?

Answer 13

coagulative

Question 14

Most common cause of caseous necrosis in cattle

Answer 14

mycobacterium

Question 15

most common cause of caseous necrosis in sheep

Answer 15

cornyebacterium

Question 16

prolonged lack of adequate blood supply is called

Answer 16

ischemia

Question 17

What type of necrosis is shown here?

Answer 17

Liquefactive

• abscess
• tissue unrecognizable
• not fibrous capsule
• center has eosinophilic or basophilic material and bacterial colonies

Question 18

What type of necrosis is shown here?

Answer 18

caseous

• abscess,
• chronic (usually)
• ring of macrophages and MNGC,
• obliterated tissue,
• dystrophic calcification

Question 19

main cause of dry gangrene

Answer 19

ischemia

Question 20

main difference between dry and wet gangrene

Answer 20

wet gangrene = bacteria

Question 21

what are the ONLY 3 types of fat necrosis?

Answer 21

enzymatic (saponification in the pancreas–looks cooked),

traumatic (dystocia),

necrosis of abdominal fat (Jersey/Guernsey, unknown cause)

Question 22

What is shown here?

Answer 22

saponification of fat in pancreas (fat necrosis)

Question 23

What is shown here?

Answer 23

Necrosis of abdominal fat:

-fatty acids are acting with calcium and therefore can become pigmented (normal fat does not stain)

Question 24

what is happening in this vascular wall?

Answer 24

fibrinoid necrosis – typical of immune rxns involving BV

Question 25

What is happening in this image?

Answer 25

cell undering apoptosis -- hypereosinophilia and condensation of chromatin

Question 26

What are the initiator caspases of apoptosis

Answer 26

9 & 8

Question 27

what are the executioner caspases of apoptosis?

Answer 27

3 & 6

Question 28

what triggers the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 28

mitochondrial pathway -- release of cytochrome C

Question 29

what triggers the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 29

death receptor initiated pathway

Question 30

What 4 things initiate apoptosis?

Answer 30

injury, withdrawal of growth factors/hormones, receptor-ligand interactions and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Question 31

what are the four markers used to ID apoptotic cells?

Answer 31

annexin V, thrombospodin, caspases, C1q

Question 32

the receptor-ligand interactions that trigger apoptosis involve what?

Answer 32

Fas and TNF receptor

Question 33

disorders of defective apoptosis with INCREASED cell survival

Answer 33

cell with mutated p53, lymphocytes that react to self antigen, failure to eliminate dead cells \*may be the basis of autoimmune disorders

Question 34

disorders with increased apoptosis and excessive cell death

Answer 34

neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic injury (myocardial infarction and stroke), death of virus-infected cell

Question 35

normal vascular endothelium is \_\_\_thrombotic and \_\_\_fibrinolytic

Answer 35

antithrombotic, pro-fibrinolytic (we do not want clots forming normally)

Question 36

action of nitrous oxide on blood vessel

Answer 36

vasodilator

Question 37

action of endothelin on blood vessel

Answer 37

vasoconstrictor

Question 38

4 causes of edema

Answer 38

increased blood hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, increased vascular permeability

Question 39

right sided congestive heart failure and a tightly bandaged limb are both examples of what cause of edema?

Answer 39

increased blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 40

Starvation, GI malabsorption, Liver disease and increased protein loss are examples of what cause of edema?

Answer 40

decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure (decreased proteins being absorbed or made in vasculature)

Question 41

inflammatory edema is called?

Answer 41

exudate; protein rich, caused by increased vascular permeability

Question 42

non-inflammatory edema is called?

Answer 42

transudate; pale, protein-poor

Question 43

anasarca

Answer 43

generalized edema (puppy pic)

Question 44

frothy, moist enlarged lungs are associated with

Answer 44

pulmonary edema -- left sided congestive heart failure

Question 45

heart failure cells are characteristic of \_\_\_sided cardiac failure

Answer 45

left -sideded.

Question 46

Hepatic congestion is seen in ___ sided heart failure

Answer 46

right sided

Question 47

nutmeg liver is caused by

Answer 47

right sided congestive heart failure

Question 48

This is tissue from a cow. Could this be coagulative necrosis caused by mycobacterium?

Answer 48

No; coagulative necrosis starts with hypoxia; this is caseous necrosis

Question 49

use of improperly buffered formalin may lead to what type of artifact on a histological exam?

Answer 49

acid hematin

Question 50

what pigment is contained in heart failure cells and what do you stain it with?

Answer 50

hemosiderin; iron's pearl

Question 51

What's the most likely etiology:

Answer 51

vit E/selenium deficiency

Question 52

true or false: fibrosis on lungs of ruminants is normal

Answer 52

true