EXAM II - RENAL II

Question 1

Having an osmolarity equal to that of normal ECF ( 300 mOsmol/L)

Answer 1

Isoosmotic

Question 2

Having an osmolarity greater than normal ECF

Answer 2

Hyperosmotic

Question 3

Having an osmolarity less than normal ECF

Answer 3

Hypoosmotic

Question 4

The minimum amount of fluid loss that is formed regardless of other body states

Answer 4

Obligatory water loss

Question 5

Blood supply of the renal medulla

Answer 5

Vasa recta

Question 6

Receptors for the reflexes that control body sodium

Answer 6

Baroreceptors in CV System

Question 7

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion within the blood of the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensisn I.

Answer 7

Renin

Question 8

Where is Renin secreted from?

Answer 8

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 9

Juxtaglomerular cells are part of what?

Answer 9

Juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney

Question 10

Plasma protein made by and put into blood by the liver

Answer 10

Angiotensinogen

Question 11

Where is angiotensin-converting enzyme (converting enzyme) found?

Answer 11

Epithelial cells of blood capillaries; especially in the lungs

Question 12

Catalyzes a reaction that transfromes angiotensin I into angiotensin II as blood flows through the lungs

Answer 12

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 13

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete this hormone into the blood

Answer 13

Aldosterone

Question 14

Aldosterone acts on the collecting ducts and late portions of the distal tubules to increase absorption of what ion?

Answer 14

Sodium

Question 15

How does the cardiac hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decrease sodium reabsorption?

Answer 15

By directly inhibiting aldosterone secretion

Question 16

Sensory receptors in the hypothalamus that detect ECF osmolarity

Answer 16

Osmoreceptors

Question 17

Acts on collecting duct cells to increase their rate of potassium secretion

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

Higher than normal K+ in the ECF

Answer 18

Hyperkalemia

Question 19

Lower than normal K+ in the ECF

Answer 19

Hypokalemia

Question 20

Higher than normal Ca++ in the ECF

Answer 20

Hypercalcemia

Question 21

Lower than normal Ca++ in the ECF

Answer 21

Hypocalcemia

Question 22

Depresses nervous system and muscle activity

Answer 22

Hypercalcemia

Question 23

Causes nervous system excitement and tetany

Answer 23

Hypocalcemia

Question 24

Amount of dietary calcium absorbed across the intestinal wall

Answer 24

35%

Question 25

Organic matrix of the bone is made up of what?

Answer 25

Collagen fibers and Ground substance

Question 26

The homogeneous gelatinous substance of the organic matrix

Answer 26

Ground substance

Question 27

Main crystalline salt deposited in the organic matrix

Answer 27

Hydroxyapatite

Question 28

Bone-resorbing cells

Answer 28

Osteoclasts

Question 29

Osteoclast activity is stimulated indirectly by what hormone?

Answer 29

Parathyroid hormone

Question 30

Enzymes secreted by osteoclasts that digest the oganic elements of bone matrix and acids that dissolve bone salts

Answer 30

Proteolytic enzymes

Question 31

Thyroid hormone that acts mainly on bone to decrease ECF calcium concentration

Answer 31

Calcitonin