EXAM III Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Critical transcription factor for driving definitive endoderm differentiation
A
Sox17
2
Q
Process that involves embryonic disk/ectoderm edges moving ventrally with the amnion and fusing
A
Embryonic folding
3
Q
Critical transcription factor for lung bud specification
A
Nkx2.1
4
Q
Function of Surfactant in the lungs
A
Reduces surface tension at the air/liquid interface
5
Q
Condition occurring in premature births caused by insufficient levels of surfactant
A
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
6
Q
Structure that arises from ventral outgrowth of the distal foregut (Hepatic diverticulum)
A
Liver and biliary system
7
Q
Pancreatic fate determination factor
A
PDX1
8
Q
Amount of enteric neurons in the human ENS
A
400-600 million
9
Q
Neural crest populations which contribute to the Enteric Nervous System
A
Vagal and Sacral
10
Q
Protein expressed by the dorsal Mesoderm leading to esophageal fate determination
A
Barx
11
Q
Process responsible for lung development through growth from the center outward
A
Branching morphogenisis
12
Q
Important regulators of enteric nervous system development
A
GDNF and Endothelins
13
Q
% of familial cases of Hirschsprung’s dz linked to RET mutations
A
50
14
Q
Tissue that surrounds the gut tube and forms smooth muscle
A
Mesoderm
15
Q
Produced by pancreas to break down carbs and proteins
A
Digestive enzymes
16
Q
Condition resulting in herniation of abdominal contents with a smaller abdominal cavity
A
Congenital Omphalocele
17
Q
Process controlled by neurons in enteric ganglia along the gut tube
A
Peristalsis
18
Q
Factor required from cardiac mesoderm for liver specification
A
FGF
19
Q
Result of insufficient ENS development in Hirschsprung’s dz
A
Megacolon
20
Q
Process in which Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified in mammals
A
Inductive interactions between cells
21
Q
Proteins responsible for inducing mammalian PGCs
A
Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMP4 and BMP8b)
22
Q
Receptor expressed by PGCs that helps guide their migration
A
CXCR4
23
Q
Function of sertoli cells in male development
A
They secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
24
Q
Cells in the developing testis that produce testosterone
A
Leydig cells
25
Structure that develops from Wolffian duct in males
Epididymis and vas deferens
26
Induces Miosis in developing germ cells
Retinoic Acid
27
Develops from Mullerian duct in females
Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina
28
Origin of granulosa cells in the ovary
Cortical Cords
29
What happened to chromosomes during early development in Boveri's observations of Parascaris
They fragmented in all cells except for the germ cell progenitor
30
Structure formed at level of mesonephric tubules to become the gonads
Genital Ridges
31
Number of PGCs in mammals
10-100 cells
32
Factor necessary for maintenance of PGCs during migration
Stem cell factor (SCF)
33
Embryonic origin of theca cells
Mesenchymal cells
34
Hormone responsible for scrotum and penis development
Dihydrotestosterone
35
Gene necessary for development of Mullerian and Wolffian ducts
Wnt4
36
When PGCs enter the developing gonad in mammals
E11.5
37
Function of CXCR7B in zebrafish PGC migration
Internalizes and degrades SDF1 to repel PGCs
38
In the developing ovary, oocytes...
Stop at diplotene I
39
Structure that develops urogenital sinus
Lower Vagina
40
3 Main mechanisms of sex determination
Environmental Action
Chromosomal Action
Hormonal Action
41
The gene that is the testis determining factor in temperature-dependent sex determination
Dmrt1
42
Sex determinator in Drosophila
Ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes
43
Chromosomal sex determination pattern in birds
ZZ male; ZW female
44
Testis determining factor gene in mammals
SRY
45
Sox9 Knockout in mice causes
Complete sex reversal of XY males
46
Role of Wnt4 and R-spondin 1 in sex determination
They activate beta-catenin and initiate ovary differentiation
47
Primary function of AMH during development
Indues degeneration of the Mullerian duct
48
Effect of 5a-reductase deficiency in XY individuals
Appear female at birth but masculine at puberty
49
Role of FGF9 in sex determination
Necessary for Leydig cell proliferation and Sertoli cell differentiation
50
Phenotype of XY individuals with androgen sensitivity syndrome
Female appearance with internal testis and no uterus
51
Regulator of sex determination in Drosophila at the molecular level
The sex-lethal gene
52
Role of aromatase in temperature-dependent sex determination
High activity leads to ovary formation
53
Function of Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)
Works with SOX9 to regulate AMH expression in Sertoli cells
54
Associated with Campomelic dysplasia
Only one functional copy of Sox9
55
Role of dihydrotestosterone in male development
Induces development of scrotum and penis
56
Wnt4 Knockout in Mice
Ovary not properly formed and cells express testis specific genes
57
Main characteristic of 21-hyroxylase deficiency
Excess androgen production by adrenal glands
58
Role of pSTAT3 in temp-dependent sex determination
It is elevated at female promoting temperatures
59
Effect of XX individuals with RSPO1 mutations
Develop phenotypically as male
60
Type of cell division that generates 2 stem cells
Symmetric self-renewing division
61
Major challenge in translating basic or pre-clinical discoveries to human tx
Over 95% of drugs entering human clinical trials fails
62
Basic technical themes for creating organoids
Collect and culture stem cells in specific media formulations
Activate key signaling pathways with morphogens
Grow cultures in 3 dimensions using specific matrices
63
Advantage of organoids
Genetically accessible
Human derived
Rapidly established
64
Defining aspect of human evolution regarding brain development
Relatively large brain to body weight ratio
65
Amount of cortical neurons generated in the human neocortex
>15 billion
66
Protein localized on the ventricular side of NEP/radial glia soma
Par3
67
Copies of NOTCH2NL in humans
4
68
Observations in NOTCH3NL-deleted organoids
They are smaller than normal
69
Condition associated with chr1q21.1 microdeletions
Microcephaly
70
Technique used for NOTCH2NL deletions in human ES cells
CRISPR/Cas9
71
% of total forebrain mass represented by cortical neurons and glia
80
72
Clinical definition of microcephaly
head circumference >2 SDs below means
73
Protein evolved amino acid substitution not seen in Neanderthals
NOVA1
74
Happens inNotch2nl-deleted organoids regarding neuronal differentiation
Premature neuronal differentiation
75
Hox gene paralogs that are involved in patterning of limbs
Hox 9-13
76
Role of FGF10 in limb development
Expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm at sites of limb bud formation
77
Protein expressed in the Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)
SHH
78
Structure required for limb bud outgrowth
Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)
79
Gene specifically expressed in forelimbs but not hindlimbs
Tbx5
80
Determinator of dorsal identity of the limb
Wnt7a
81
Effect if AER is removed during limb bud development
Distal outgrowth of the limb halts
82
Protein that induces Engrailed 1 expression in the ventral ectoderm
BMP
83
Result of ectopic SHH expression in the rostral/anterior limb bud
Polydactyly
84
Syndrome caused by mutations in LMX1B
Nail-Patella syndrome
85
Role of Retinoic Acid (RA) in forelimb development
Induces TBX5 expression
86
Structure that contains highly proliferative mesodermal cells right under the AER
Progress zone
87
Determinator of the type of limb formed when leg mesenchyme is inserted under the AER in the forelimb
The mesenchyme
88
Effect of Wnt7a knockout in mice
Ventral footpads on both sides
89
Signaling molecule in the AER is sufficient to induce underlying mesenchyme growth
FGF8
90
Function of Zone of Polarizing activity (ZPA)
Patterns the anterior-posterior axis
91
Digits that require SHH for specification
Digits 4 and 5
92
Occurs in Split-foot anomaly
Loss of normal AER function
93
Competence of limb development
There is a specific competency window for responding to signals
94
Relationship between RA and FGF8 in limb development
RA inhibits FGF8 expression
95
Regeneration
The regrowth of amputated body parts or nonfunctioning organs
96
4 Mechanisms of Regeneration
Compensatory
Epimorphic
Stem-cell mediated
97
Key characteristic of compensatory regeneration
Differentiated cells divide while maintaining their functions
98
Zebrafish heart regeneration, day 3 post-injury
Proliferation and migration of endocardial and epicardial cells
99
What age can mouse hearts regenerate after damage
7 days
100
Undifferentiated mass of cells formed during epimorphic regeneration
Blastema
101
1st Step of epimorphic limb regeneration
Epidermal cells migrate to cover wound surface
102
Organism that is a classic model of morphallactic regeneration
Hydra
103
Name of pluripotent stem cells in the planaria
Neoblasts
104
Signaling pathway that promotes tail development and represses head development in planaria
Wnt signaling
105
Role of Notum in planarian regeneration
Inhibits Wnt signaling and forms head
106
Protein necessary in zebrafish for spinal cord
Ctgfa
107
Repair in context of tissue recovery
Process of replacement of a singular type of cell tissue
108
In morphallactic regeneration of hydra, the size of the regenerated organism...
Becomes smaller than the original
109
Head inducing signal in hydra
Wnt3a
110
By day 7, cardiomyocytes in zebrafish heart regeneration...
Begin to proliferate at the edge of the injury
111
Similar structure in epimorphic regeneration to the AER in embryonic development
Apical Ectodermal Cap
112
Unique about ependymal cells in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration
They proliferate and form a bridge
113
Primary difference between repair and regeneration
Repair= one tissue type
Regeneration= multiple
114
Role of PCGs (Positional Control Genes) in planarian regeneration
Form a morhological memory cap
115
Regeneration of salamander limb
Epimorphic
116
Effect of injection of clodronate liposomes during digit tip regeneration
It kills macrophages
117
Sequence of stages in digit tip regeneration
(IHWBFD)
Inflammation
Histolysis
Wound Healing
Blastema
Formation
Differentiation
118
Histolysis
The dissolution of organic tissue
119
Cells responsible for bone histolysis during digit regeneration
Osteoclasts
120
Length in days of wound healing in mammalian digit regeneration
10-14
121
Key characteristic of mammalian blastema
Highly proliferative
122
Type of bone formation that occurs during digit tip regeneration
Intramembranous bone formation
123
Weakest type of bone
Woven bone
124
Role of Macrophages in digit regeneration
Differentiate into osteoclasts
125
If a wound is sutured during digit tip regeneration
Inhibits WE/AEC formation
126
Primary function of osteoclasts during digit regenration
Bone resorption
127
Protein that can replace nerves in the Accessory Limb Model
FGFs and BMP
128
Why excessive bone volume is regenerated in digit tip regeneration
To compensate for woven bone weakness
129
Purpose if histolysis in digit regeneration
Allow epidermis to heal over live bone
130
During morphallaxis
Repatterning of existing tissue
131
Protein combination that can induce bone and joint regeneration
BMP2 and BMP9
132
Characteristic of wound epithelium in digit regeneration
Ends the histolysis phase
133
Primary cell type from which placenta arises
Trophoblast
134
Growth factor from inner cell mass that promotes trophoblast development
FGF4
135
Approximate surface area of fully developed syncytiotrophoblast layer surrounding chorionic villi
12 sq meters
136
% Of maternal blood circulating through placenta at term
20
137
% Of birth defects related to teratogen exposure
4-5
138
Thalidomide original marketing
Sedative
139
Births affected by FAS in US
1-2 of every 1000 births
140
The proteins adhesive function that is blocked by alcohol exposure in fetal development
L1CAM
141
Years in which women in US were rx DES
1938-1970
142
Gene downregulated by DES in the female reproductive tract
Wnt7a
143
Hox genes required for female repro-tract development
Hoxa10 and Hoxa11
144
Molecular weight threshold above which teratogens do not easily cross the placenta
1000 daltons
145
Types of cells that produce testosterone in male repro development
Leydig cells
146
Compound found to cause transgenerational inheritance of male infertility
Vinclozolin
147
Process of Vinclozolin that causes transgenerational effects
DNA Methylation
148
Structure in which FGF8 is expressed during limb development
AER
149
Causes of craniofacial abnormalities in FAS
Altered neural crest migration
150
Types of molecules that are endocrine disruptors
Exogenous chemicals that interfere w/ hormones
151
Primary mechanism by which alcohol affects developing neurons
Generation of reactive oxygen species
152
Hormone that induces the differentiation of the Mullerian duct
Estrogen
