Exam III Flashcards
(41 cards)
Confounding Variable
A variable that varies along with the independent variable, affecting internal validity.
Internal Validity
The extent to which the independent variable, and not some other variable, caused the observed effect.
Posttest-Only Design
Participants are randomly assigned to conditions and measured only after the manipulation.
Pretest-Posttest Design
Participants are tested before and after the manipulation.
Between-Subjects Design
Each participant is assigned to only one condition.
Within-Subjects Design
Each participant experiences all conditions.
Counterbalancing
A method to control for order effects in within-subjects designs.
Matched Pairs Design
Pairs of participants are matched on a variable and each assigned to different conditions.
Straightforward Manipulation
Manipulating variables using simple materials like written or verbal instructions.
Staged Manipulation
Events are staged to create psychological states or simulate real situations.
Self-Report Measure
Participants provide subjective data, e.g., surveys or questionnaires.
Behavioral Measure
Based on observing and recording behavior.
Physiological Measure
Involves biological data such as heart rate or brain activity.
Ceiling Effect
When the measure is too easy, scores cluster at the top.
Floor Effect
When the measure is too hard, scores cluster at the bottom.
Manipulation Check
An extra measure to determine if the IV manipulation had the intended effect.
Cross-Sectional Design
Different participants of various ages are compared at one point in time.
Longitudinal Design
Same participants are measured across multiple time points.
Sequential Design
Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods.
Cohort Effect
Differences due to participants’ time of birth or generation.
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Single group measured before and after treatment.
Interrupted Time Series Design
Several measurements before and after a treatment/event.
Descriptive Statistics
Used to summarize or describe a set of data.
Inferential Statistics
Used to draw conclusions about a population based on sample data.
