exam III Flashcards
addiction
physical/psychological dependence on a substance
desire to feel normal
consequences are shown far along into the addiction
drug
a small amount of something that will change your thoughts, perceptions, and/or behavior
large amounts can even kill you
pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
ADME
route of Administration, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination
pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
drug - receptor interactions
modulate neurotransmission
how drugs alter neurotransmission
binding to postsynaptic receptors and either activates them or increases the effect of them on neurotransmitter
acute effects of opiods
analgesia, euphoria, decreased BP, constipation, death (high enough dose)
chronic effects of opiods
tolerance, dependence, withdrawal
three-stage addiction cycle
binge intoxication stage (DA reward pathway + basal ganglia), withdrawal negative affect stage (stress systems), preoccupation anticipation stage (PFC)
drug addiction genes x environment
MAOA (impulsiveness)
chronic stress, poor social support, lack of alternative reinforcers
drug addiction treatment
go through withdrawal first
drug therapy
narcotics anonymous
disease
cluster of symptoms that result from a specific pathology
neurological disease vs psychiatric disease
treatments should target pathology
psychiatric diseases - dont know pathology, treat symptoms only
schizophrenia
“splitting” of psychic function
can be preceded by prodromal symptoms (isolation, anxiety/depression, neglect of hygiene)
schizophrenia negative symptoms
deficit states / absence of normal responses (apathy, amotivation)
schizophrenia positive symptoms
presence of abnormal behaviors
excess of normal functioning (delusions, hallucinations)
better to treat
schizophrenia cognitive dysfunction symptoms
difficulty w cognitive tasks, problems w attention + working memory
COMT gene
codes for enzyme COMT, high activity allele in PFC, associated w cognitive dysfunction symptoms
schizophrenia environmental factors
some viruses can increase risk, marijuana (modulates PFC + limbic circuitry), decrease in spine density, glutamate production decreased
schizophrenia imaging data
MRI - thinning of cortex, smaller PFC/hippocampal volume
fMRI - PFC activity decreased, DMN increased
schizophrenia treament
antipsychotic drugs - block positive symptoms, atypical treat both + and -
dopamine theory evidence for
drugs that increase dopamine produce positive symptoms, antipsychotics reverse positive symptoms
glutamate/GABA data consistent
evidence against dopamine theory
hard to extrapolate from drug action to causal mechanisms
how to explain neuroanatomical abnormalities
depression disorder
if euphoria, depression, anxiety become sustained and dominant, this might constitute a disorder
bipolar vs unipolar depression
bipolar = both manic and depressive episodes
unipolar = only depressive episodes
