Exam III

Question 1

what pathway

Answer 1

perception of lines, shapes, colors, and texture.

ventral stream!

Question 2

where pathway

Answer 2

perceptions of spacial orientation, location, movement, and spacial relations.
dorsal stream.

Question 3

prosopagnosia

Answer 3

a.k.a inability to recognize faces.

result of lesion to ventral/what stream.

Question 4

balint’s syndrome

Answer 4

result of lesion to dorsal/where stream (posterior parietal lobe).

Question 5

characteristics of balint’s syndrome

Answer 5

OPTIC ataxia - deficit in reaching for objects (spacial orientation)
OCULAR apraxia - deficit in visual scanning
SIMULTANAGNOSIA - inability to perceive two things at once.

Question 6

importance of faces in human interactions

Answer 6

communicates:
1) age, gender, personal identity (physical structures)
2) mood, emotional state (facial expression)
3) interest/attentional focus (direction of gaze)

Question 7

Faces

Answer 7

as a category = highly homogenous (similar) - all share basic parts placed in a fixed configuration.
individually = highly different - vary in many different aspects

Question 8

faces require 1) _______

Answer 8

1) higher specificty

* we need to recognize specific faces rather than a general, unfamiliar face.

Question 9

face cells

Answer 9

respond to faces only! activates very little to other types of visual stimuli. these cells are highly specific, and are effected by “face blindness”

Question 10

fusiform gyrus

Answer 10

home of face cells

Question 11

human motor system

Answer 11

LMN = lower motor neurons 
UMN = upper motor neurons

Question 12

LMN

Answer 12

in GM of spinal cord and brainstem.
- these send axons out of CNS that directly innervate skeletal muscle fibers.
      *innervation ratio :
       extraocular = 1:10, hand =
       1:1000, gastrocemius in
       knee = 1:2000

Question 13

gamme motor neuron

Answer 13

innervates intrafusal muscle fiber (proprioceptor)

Question 14

alpha motor neuron

Answer 14

innervates extrafusal muscle fibers (skeletal movement)

Question 15

local motor neurons

Answer 15

reflex coordination and rythmic coordination

Question 16

joint flexion

Answer 16

closes joints

Question 17

joint extension

Answer 17

opens joints

** antagonistic

Question 18

lesion to LMN

Answer 18

• reduced muscle tone
• weak/absent stretch reflex
• muscle atrophy
• fibrillation, a.k.a loss of nerve supply to muscle fibers

Question 19

polio

Answer 19

infectious viral RNA disease in which LMN are destroyed

Question 20

UMN

Answer 20

neurons that supply input to LMN

Question 21

lesion to UMN

Answer 21

common causes include infractions of primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor cortex

• weak/absent voluntary movement
• spasticity

Question 22

primary motor cortex

Answer 22

voluntary movement

Question 23

premotor cortex

Answer 23

planning movement

Question 24

hierarchal control

Answer 24

1) cerebral cortex
2) brain stem
3) spinal cord

Question 25

motor learning

Answer 25

result of communication between primary and premotor cortex in coordination and planning of complex sequences of movement.

Question 26

cerebral cortex

Answer 26

includes primary and premotor cortex that project directly to spinal cord via corticospinal tract.

Question 27

brainstem

Answer 27

includes reticular formation, vestibular nuclei (balance), and inferior olive (targets) - the brainstem integrates visual and vestibular information with somatosensory input to modify movement initiated by the cortex.

Question 28

spinal cord

Answer 28

muscle contractions and limb movement and receives sensory feedback from proprioceptors.

Question 29

subcorical systems

Answer 29

act on cortex via THALAMUS

Question 30

regulates information from subcortical systems toward cortex

Answer 30

cerebellum - receives input from spinal cord and projects to both the brainstem and the thalamus (and onto cortex) * improves accuracy of movement by comparing descending information about resulting motor actions.

Question 31

cerebellum

Answer 31

separated into anterior lobe, primary fissure, posterior lobe, and vermis. 1) vestibulocerebellum - involved in balance and eye movements. lesion to this results in the inability to utilize vestibular information to adjust movement. 2) spinocerebellum - modulates muscle tone and motor execution. lesion to this results in hypotonia. 3) cerebrocerebellum - involved in motor planning. lesion results in delayed intimation/termination of movement.

Question 32

vestibulocerebellum

Answer 32

involved in balance and eye movements. lesion to this results in the inability to utilize vestibular information to adjust movement.

Question 33

spinocerebellum

Answer 33

modulates muscle tone and motor execution. lesion to this results in hypotonia.

Question 34

cerebrocerebellum

Answer 34

involved in motor planning. lesion results in delayed intimation/termination of movement.