Exam III

Question 0

What are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action?

Answer 0

neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neurohormones

Question 1

What are the unique properties of neurons?

Answer 1

depolarization, propagation, and transmission of a neural impulse

Question 2

Based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter.

Answer 2

a neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell

Question 3

What is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron?

Answer 3

the cell body, soma, or perikaryon

Question 4

What are the basic morphologies of neurons?

Answer 4

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar

Question 5

What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?

Answer 5

the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion

Question 6

What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?

Answer 6

any sensory ganglion other than those of the 8th cranial nerve

Question 8

Where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located?

Answer 8

in a sensory ganglion

Question 9

What is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 9

multipolar

Question 10

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 10

hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

Question 11

What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?

Answer 11

a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste

Question 12

What are the examples of proprioceptors?

Answer 12

Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints

Question 13

Where will the interoceptors be located?

Answer 13

in viscera, glands, and blood vessels

Question 14

Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?

Answer 14

lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

Question 15

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

Answer 15

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

Question 16

Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?

Answer 16

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

Question 17

Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?

Answer 17

cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve and cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

Question 18

What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?

Answer 18

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve as well as spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4

Question 19

What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body?

Answer 19

a prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

Question 20

What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?

Answer 20

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and some unique specialized cell types

Question 21

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?

Answer 21

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

Question 22

What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?

Answer 22

cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine

Question 23

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?

Answer 23

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

Question 24

Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?

Answer 25

somatic afferent, visceral afferent, special visceral afferent, and special sensory

Question 26

What do somatic afferents monitor?

Answer 26

pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception

Question 27

What do visceral afferents monitor?

Answer 27

baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera

Question 28

What do special visceral afferents monitor?

Answer 28

olfaction and taste

Question 29

What do special sensory afferents monitor?

Answer 29

vision, hearing, and equilibrium

Question 30

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?

Answer 30

It is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

Question 31

What forms the true olfactory nerve?

Answer 31

fila olfactoria

Question 32

What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?

Answer 32

olfactory glomerulus

Question 33

What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?

Answer 33

mitral cell

Question 34

What is the function of the rod cell?

Answer 34

provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 35

What is the function of the cone cell?

Answer 35

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 36

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

Answer 36

rod cell

Question 37

What forms the optic nerve?

Answer 37

axons of ganglion cells

Question 38

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

Answer 38

part of the optic nerve decussates

Question 39

Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?

Answer 39

lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 40

What are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?

Answer 40

functional specificity, distribution-function and structure or morphology

Question 41

At its apparent origin cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways?

Answer 41

somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway

Question 42

What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?

Answer 42

oculomotor nuclear complex

Question 43

What is/are the target organ(s) for the somatic efferent fibers carried in the third cranial nerve?

Answer 43

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique (extrinsic muscles of the eyeball) and the levator palpebrae superioris (muscle of the eyelid)

Question 44

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

Answer 44

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

Question 45

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

Answer 45

ciliary ganglion

Question 46

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?

Answer 46

short ciliary nerve

Question 47

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?

Answer 47

sphincter pupillae & ciliaris (intrinsic eye muscles)

Question 48

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

Answer 48

it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain; it is the only cranial nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus

Question 49

The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?

Answer 49

the right side muscle

Question 50

Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)?

Answer 50

superior oblique (extrinsic muscle of the eye)

Question 51

The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the _____.

Answer 51

great sensory nerve of the face

Question 52

What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?

Answer 52

ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure, maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum, mandibular nerve - foramen ovale

Question 53

What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?

Answer 53

opthalmic nerve - orbit; maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region; mandibular nerve - infratemporal region

Question 54

Peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

Answer 54

semilunar ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, Gasserian ganglion

Question 55

Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?

Answer 55

mainly in the principal sensory nucleus; some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 56

What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?

Answer 56

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini

Question 57

What are the names of the muscle of mastication?

Answer 57

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Question 58

The fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus?

Answer 58

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Question 59

The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?

Answer 59

lateral rectus (extrinsic muscle of the eye)

Question 60

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?

Answer 60

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

Question 61

Because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the _____.

Answer 61

great motor nerve of the face

Question 62

What classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?

Answer 62

branchial efferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, special visceral afferent

Question 63

What is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve?

Answer 63

geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion

Question 64

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

Answer 64

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 65

Branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?

Answer 65

muscles of facial expression, muscles of the scalp and auricle, the buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of the digastric

Question 66

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

Answer 66

superior salivatory nucleus

Question 67

Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 67

greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve

Question 68

Which branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic fibers into the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Answer 68

vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal

Question 69

What are the names of the ganglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 69

pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckel's ganglion

Question 70

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel's ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?

Answer 70

maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

Question 71

The parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves?

Answer 71

facial and trigeminal nerves

Question 72

The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

Answer 72

opthalmic nerve

Question 73

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve?

Answer 73

nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve

Question 74

Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

Answer 74

chorda tympani nerve

Question 75

The chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening?

Answer 75

the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone

Question 76

The chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve?

Answer 76

the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

Question 77

Peripheral sensory processes from receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed to the seventh cranial nerve from what other cranial nerve?

Answer 77

vagus

Question 78

In general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus?

Answer 78

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 79

What is the classification of sensory fibers associated with tatste?

Answer 79

special visceral afferent fibers

Question 80

Peripheral sensory processes from taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion?

Answer 80

genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion

Question 81

What fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth?

Answer 81

endolymph

Question 82

What is the name given to spiral appearance of the organ for hearing?

Answer 82

cochlea

Question 83

How is sound or position converted into a neural impulse?

Answer 83

endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell

Question 84

In what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified?

Answer 84

the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle, and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts

Question 85

What is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium?

Answer 85

stereocilia and single kinocilium

Question 86

What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium?

Answer 86

Scarpa's ganglion or the vestibular ganglion

Question 87

Central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what location?

Answer 87

the vestibular nuclear complex

Question 88

Receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure?

Answer 88

the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct or scala media

Question 89

What is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing?

Answer 89

stereocilia

Question 90

What is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing?

Answer 90

the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion

Question 91

Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will innervate what target?

Answer 91

stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 92

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve?

Answer 92

tympanic nerve or nerve of Jacobson

Question 93

Within the temporal bone, preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth cranial nerve will ultimately form what nerve?

Answer 93

the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

Question 94

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers will be found in what branch(es) of the ninth cranial nerve?

Answer 94

the tympanic nerve and lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

Question 95

Preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion?

Answer 95

otic ganglion or Arnold's ganglion

Question 96

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic or Arnold's ganglion will communicate with what other cranial nerve branch?

Answer 96

the auriculotemporal branch of them mandibular division of the trigeminal

Question 97

Peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve?

Answer 97

the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion

Question 98

What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology which are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve?

Answer 98

carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus

Question 99

Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation are located in which ganglion?

Answer 99

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

Question 100

Central sensory processes from ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation will synapse in what location of the brain?

Answer 100

cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

Question 101

Ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies monitoring taste are located in which ganglion?

Answer 101

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

Question 102

Branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?

Answer 102

muscles of the soft palate; constrictor muscles of the pharynx; cricothyroid muscle, and palatoglossus muscle

Question 103

Where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse?

Answer 103

intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus

Question 104

What is the location of primary afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve whose peripheral processes are associated with general somatic sensation from the posterior cranial dura?

Answer 104

jugular ganglion or superior vagal ganglion

Question 105

Where will central processes of pseudounipolar afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve associated with somatic sensation synapse?

Answer 105

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

Question 106

Peripheral processes of pseudounipolar neurons associated with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to what location?

Answer 106

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion

Question 107

Central processes of pseudounipolar neurons associated with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to synapse at what location?

Answer 107

the cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

Question 108

What is/are the target organ(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve?

Answer 108

aortic body or aortic glomus and aortic arch

Question 109

What is specifically monitored by each type of vascular visceral receptor associated with the tenth cranial nerve?

Answer 109

baroreceptors monitor blood pressure chemoreceptors monitor hypoxia (decreased oxygen), hypercapnia (increased carbon dioxide), and increasing hydrogen ions (blood pH)

Question 110

Where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated with taste sensation from the epiglottis located?

Answer 110

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion