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Drug Action I > Exam III: Things to memorize > Flashcards

Exam III: Things to memorize Flashcards

1
Q

Define absorption

A

the RATE and extent drug enters body

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2
Q

define distribution

A

which tissues drug enters and HOW RAPIDLY that occurs

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3
Q

define metabolism

A

which enzymes metabolize drug and HOW FAST drug is converted

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4
Q

define excretion

A

route of excretion and HOW RAPIDLY drug leaves body

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5
Q

define pharmacokinetics

A

study of ADME

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6
Q

define clinical pharmacokinetics

A

the application of PK for patients

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7
Q

define kinetic homogeneity

A

relationship between plasma drug concentration and concentration at the receptor site

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8
Q

define pharmacodynamics

A

relationship between drug concentration at site of action and resulting effect (time and intensity)

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9
Q

what are the four factors of pharmacodynamics?

A
  1. # of receptors
  2. mechanism of signal
  3. gene transcription
  4. protein production
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10
Q

what is the abbreviated unit for defining the maximum effect?

A

Emax

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11
Q

What is EC50?

A

describes when a drug is at 50% effective concentration

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12
Q

the lower EC50 is, what does that mean about the drug?

A

the longer it takes a drug to reach 50% concentration the more potent the drug is

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13
Q

what does chromatography do?

A

separates drugs from other materials

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14
Q

what does mass spectrometry do?

A

detects molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratio

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15
Q

what is the toxic dose of caffeine in grams?

A

10g

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16
Q

how many mg of caffeine is in a cup of coffee?

A

80-175mg

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17
Q

how many cups of coffee would it take to reach a lethal dose of caffeine?

A

50-100 cups

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18
Q

what is the primary metabolite caffeine converts into?

A

paraxanthine

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19
Q

what are the three main metabolites of caffeine?

A

paraxanthine, theobromine, theophylline

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20
Q

what does MTC stand for?

A

maximum tolerated concentration

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21
Q

what does MEC stand for?

A

minimum effective concentration

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22
Q

what does tmax mean?

A

the duration of time it took for a drug to reach maximum concentration in plasma

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23
Q

a drug must reach a minimum concentration at the receptor site to be _____

A

effective

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24
Q

T/F For most drugs, there is no
absolute set of boundaries that
divide sub-therapeutic, therapeutic,
and toxic drug concentrations

A

True

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25
Q

define tolerance

A

a diminished response to drug over repeated use and body adaptation

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26
Q

T/F drug metabolism has no influence over drug tolerance

A

False

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27
Q

T/F changes in receptor status has no influence over drug tolerance

A

False

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28
Q

how does the body build up tolerance to nitroglycerin?

A

blood vessels become desensitized to vasodilation

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29
Q

what was the solution to nitroglycerin tolerance?

A

spaced dosing with patch : 12 hours on and 12 hours off

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30
Q

what is theophylline used to treat? what does it do?

A

COPD and asthma

smooth muscle relaxation and suppression of response of airway to stimuli

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31
Q

what does TDM stand for? define it

A

therapeutic drug monitoring: methods for measuring drug conc in plasma

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32
Q

T/F TDM is useful for wide plasma concentration ranges

A

False

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33
Q

T/F TDM is useful when toxic effects can occur at high or low concentrations

A

False

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34
Q

what does the one-compartment model mean?

A

drug distribution to all body tissues are considered

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35
Q

what does two-compartment model mean?

A

drug distributes to selective body sites initially before distributing to an equilibrium

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36
Q

what are the steps in order for real world measurement of drug concentration?

A
  1. Dose administered
  2. Sample collected
  3. Sample analyzed for drug/metabolites
  4. Data analysis
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37
Q

what is the average human blood volume in liters?

A

5L

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38
Q

what was gentamicin initially used for?

A

topical burns

39
Q

Gentamicin is a good treatment for?

A

sepsis

40
Q

Is gentamicin heat stable?

A

yes

41
Q

how do you determine the Volume of Distribution? units?

A

amount of drug in body (X measured by mg or g, etc.) divided by concentration of drug in plasma (C measured by mg/L)
units of Vd is liters

42
Q

X=

A

amount of drug in body

43
Q

VD=

A

volume of distribution

44
Q

C=

A

concentration of drug in plasma

45
Q

Volume of distribution only accounts for all of the drug in the body if?

A

the concentration in all tissues are the same as the plasma concentration

46
Q

If Vd is 15-18L, where is the drug concentrated?

A

extracellular fluid

47
Q

if Vd is 40L, where is the drug concentrated?

A

all body water

48
Q

if Vd is greater than 40L, where is the drug concentrated?

A

tissues outside plasma and interstitial fluid

49
Q

what is the relationship between dose and volume of distribution?
… the higher the dose?

A

the higher the dose is, the higher the volume of distribution will be

50
Q

what is the relationship between concentration of drug and volume of distribution?

A

they are inversely related: the greater the drug concentration the lower volume of distribution will be

51
Q

define clearance

A

measures the removal of drug from the body, aka the volume of plasma from which all drug is removed in a given time period

52
Q

what does the unit Q represent?

A

blood flow (mL/min)

53
Q

what does the unit E represent?

A

extraction ratio

54
Q

in zero-order elimination how is the amount of drug eliminated determined?

A

amount of drug eliminated is a constant rate

ex. 100g of drug given, 10g (10%) is eliminated every hour

55
Q

in first-order elimination, the amount of drug eliminated is proportional to…

A

the amount of drug in body

56
Q

equation of clearance? units?

A

Cl=VdK

L/t

57
Q

equation for elimination rate constant? what is the symbol?

A

K = change in ln concentration/ change in time

58
Q

e^-Kt =

A

percent or fraction remaining after time

59
Q

1-e^-Kt=

A

percent or fraction excreted after time

60
Q

Both T1/2 and K express?

A

how quickly a drug is removed from the plasma

61
Q

assumptions of multiple IV bolus dosing

A

1 drug at same dose given multiple times by IV

62
Q

what is T?

A

dosing interval, time between administration of doses

63
Q

Cmax2 is proportional/equal to?

A

Cmax1 + Cmin1

64
Q

IV bolus steady state means the drug is administered until the rate of drug….

A

rate of drug going in = rate of drug going out

65
Q

how many half lives does it take to reach steady state?

A

4-5

66
Q

if K increases, how does that affect the time it takes to reach steady state? why?

A

takes a shorter amount of time the higher K is
since higher K = shorter half life, this means it takes less time to reach steady state since steady state is proportional to the time it takes for 4-5 half lives to occur

67
Q

if a drug has a low K rate, is the half life longer or shorter?

A

longer (inversely proportional)

68
Q

if you double the dose, how would this look on the [ ] vs time graph? (interval, rate, concentration, time between doses)

A

same interval, same rate, higher concentration, same time between doses

69
Q

if you increase the frequency of dosing, how would this look on the [ ] vs time graph? (interval, rate, concentration, time)

A

decrease interval, increase rate, higher concentration, less time between doses

70
Q

what does the accumulation factor relate?

A

drug concentration after a single dose to drug concentration after n doses

71
Q

would you administer vancomycin orally?

A

no

72
Q

what is vancomycin a first-line treatment for?

A

MRSA

73
Q

what is average steady state concentration?

what is the symbol?

A

the average concentration level between the maximum Cs and minimum Cs
c̅

74
Q

if K decreases, how does this affect Cpeak at steady state and Ctrough at steady state?

A

they both become higher *remember lower K means drug is eliminating slower, so concentration will increase quicker with multiple doses)

75
Q

if T decreases, how does this affect Cpeak at steady state and Ctrough at steady state? how does this affect K?

A

they both become higher. K stays the same

76
Q

if X increases, how does this affect Cpeak at steady state and Ctrough at steady state? how does this affect K?

A

they both become higher. K stays the same

77
Q

If Vd decreases (Xo, T, and Cl remain the same). how does this effect CpeakSS?

A

it increases (CpeakSS is inversely proportional to Vd)

78
Q

If Cl decreases (Xo, T and Vd remain the same), how does this affect Cpeak at steady state and Ctrough at steady state?

A

they both become higher (Cl relates to Vd, lower Cl means lower Vd which is inversely related to Cpeak and Ctrough so they both increase)

79
Q

how do you calculate ko?

A

mass/time (mg/hr)

80
Q

what is ko?

what is it equal to?

A

the rate of drug infusion

Ko=X/t

81
Q

For the equation Ct= Ko/VdK (1-e^-kt), is it used prior to steady state or after drug reaches steady state?
the same equation also determines what concentration?

A

calculate concentration before steady state

peak concentration

82
Q

what does Ct=Css(e^-kt) calculate?

A

plasma drug concentration after infusion stopped (after reaching steady state)

83
Q

define loading dose

A

an initial higher dose of drug given at the start of infusion to create an immediate therapeutic effect of the drug (plasma drug concentration starts high and stays constant)

84
Q

what is t’ and how is is calculated?

A

time after peak concentration, t’= T-t

85
Q

T/F Because we cannot practically measure drug concentration in specific tissues, we measure it in the plasma and assume that this concentration is the same as that in tissue.

A

False, we cannot assume the concentration is the same in tissue

86
Q

T/F a drug must reach a minimum concentration at the receptor site to be effective

A

True

87
Q

T/F more side effects occur when you give a drug below therapeutic range

A

False, above therapeutic range

88
Q

T/F tolerance occurs when your body adapts to repeated drug use

A

True

89
Q

T/F tolerance can be affected by drug metabolism and receptor status

A

True

90
Q 
The most commonly used model in clinical 
pharmacokinetic situations is the:
A. One-compartment model
B. Two-compartment model
C.Multi-compartment model
A

A. One-compartment model

91
Q

T/F your total body water makes up 60% of your total body weight

A

True

92
Q 
If the elimination rate constant is 0.2 hr-1 the 
percent of drug eliminated per hour is:
A. 2%
B. 20%
C. 0.2%
D. 10%
A

B

93
Q

To calculate how long it takes to reach steady state, you can multiply the half-life value by what to get the answer?

A

5

94
Q

generally speaking, after 4-5 half lives the percent remaining drug plasma concentration is?

A

95%

Drug Action I (10 decks)

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