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Molecular Cell Biology > Exam III - Zaidi > Flashcards

Exam III - Zaidi Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Homologous proteins are functionally

A

interchangeable

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2
Q

Blastula consists of a …… facing the external medium

A

sheet of epithelial cells

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3
Q

What gives rise to the endoderm?

A

sheet of epithelial cells

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4
Q

Endoderm is the precursor of

A

gut, lung, and liver

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5
Q

Ectoderm is the precursor of the

A

nervous system of and epidermis

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6
Q

Mesoderm is the precursor of

A

muscles and connective tissue

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7
Q

Higher organisms have several homologs of the same gene, this is an example of…

A

gene duplication

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8
Q

Cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changed in environment are called

A

determined

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9
Q

cells that can change rapidly due to environmental alterations are called

A

completely undetermined

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10
Q

cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with environment are called

A

committed

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11
Q

Induction of a different developmental program in select cells in a homogeneous group leading to altered character

A

inductive signalling

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12
Q

A long range inductive signal that imposes a pattern on a field of cells

A

morphogen (inhibitor and inducer gradients)

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13
Q

Three factors of diversity in pattern:

A

gene duplication, presence of other signals, previous experiences of the cell

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14
Q

signaling pathways consist of a handful of ….

A

conserved family of proteins

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15
Q

response to signaling pathways depends on

A

spatial and temporal expression of different sets of genes

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16
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of

RTK

A

EGF, FGF, Ephrins

EGF, FGF, and Eph receptors

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17
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of TGFB

A

TGFB, BMP, Nodal

TGFB receptors, BMP receptors

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18
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Wnt

A

Wnt

Frizzled

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19
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Hedgehog

A

hedgehog

patched, smoothened

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20
Q

what is the ligand and receptor family of Notch

A

delta

notch

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21
Q

phase one of neural develop.

A

(genesis of neurons) diff. cell types develop independently at separate locations in embryo according to local program and are unconnected

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22
Q

phase two of neural develop.

A

(axon/dendrite growth and synapses)axons and dendrites grow out along specific routes setting up a provisional but orderly network of connections

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23
Q

phase three of neural develop.

A

(refining synaptic connections)into adult life, connections are adjusted and redefined through interactions with distant regions via electrical signals

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24
Q

CNS (brain, spinal cord, retina) is derived from

A

neural tube

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25
PNS (nerves, sensory neurons) is derived from
neural crest
26
A nerve cell developing from epithelial cell contains a membrane-bound inhibitory signal protein called delta. What is the receptor protein?
receptor protein notch on an inhibited epithelial cell
27
Pattern formation, differentiation, secretion of ECM
TGFB
28
Depends on proteoglycans for fxn, active latent genes, transcription repression to activation
sonic hedgehog
29
Dorsal is to roof plate as ventral is to
floor plate
30
monomeric GTPases that control assemble and disassembly of actin filaments
rho, rac
31
Two important classes of homophilic cell adhesion molecules
immunoglobulin fam. | cadherin
32
Favors axonal outgrowth
laminin
33
inhibit axonal outgrowth
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
34
Commissural neuron guidance | first stage depends on secretion of netrin by floor plate
binding of netrin to TRPC allows entry of Ca. | causes growth cone movement
35
Commissural neuron guidance | midline secretes slit
receptor is roundabout. repels growth cones. | growth cones sensitive to semaphorin to trap it between two repellents
36
target cell of neurons produce limited amount of
neurotrophic factors needed for survival | cells w/o enough die
37
What enters the glutamate NMDA receptor that triggers change in synaptic strength ?
calcium physical structure changes. neurons that fire together wire together
38
Zygote
totipotent
39
ES cells
Pluripotent
40
adult stem cells
multipotent
41
founder stem cells divide and gives to
daughter cell that remains a stem cell and set of transit amplifying cells
42
Only actively dividing cells of epidermis
basal cells 4 and basal cell lamina 5
43
Numerous desmosomes that attach to keratin filaments
prickle cells 3
44
Epidermis is stratified and made up of
keritinocytes
45
Waterproof barrier and boundary between active and outer dead epidermis
granular cells 2
46
Squame
outermost, dead 1
47
Epidermal stem cell proliferative potential correlates with expression of
B1 subunit of integrin (lots at bulge of hair follicle) | controls contact to basal lamina
48
factors that govern renewal of epidermis
rate of division if one daughter cell remains a stem cell rate of division of transit amp. cells timing of exit from basal cell layer
49
Loss of sebaceous glands (due to cells continuing to divide after losing contact to basal lamina)
overactive hedgehog
50
Failure of hair follicle development
loss of Wnt signaling
51
Extra hair follicle development, leading to tumors
up-regulation of wnt
52
restricts the size of stem cell population
notch
53
Plays a role in repair of skin wounds
TGFB
54
Specialized epithelium- sensory tissue of nose, ears and eyes is derived from
ectoderm
55
Apical end of sensory cells detects
external stim, converts it to a change in mem. potential
56
basal end of sensory cells
make synapse with neurons
57
Relay stations called glomeruli are located in
olfactory bulbs on each side of the brain
58
Stem cells in lining of brain ventricles divide and produce new stem cells and then migrate to
olfactory bulbs, where they will differentiate
59
embryoid body + RA + (insulin +thyroid hormone ) =
adipocyte
60
embryoid body + RA
neuron
61
Macrophage = embryoid body + .....
(macrophage colony stim. factor) + interleukin-3, 1
62
Smooth muscle cell = embryoid body + ....
dibutyryl cAMP + Retinoic acid
63
embryoid body + fibroblast GF + ( fibroblast GF2, epidermal GF ) + (fibroblast GF2, platelet-derived GF) =....
astrocyte and oligodendrocytes
64
Key determinants of ES cell character are four gene regulatory proteins:
Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and Myc
65
Fibroblasts can be reprogrammed with the help of transcription factors to create
pluripotent stem cells

Molecular Cell Biology (1 decks)

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