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Exam materials Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptation

A

Change in a trait making bearer better suited to survive/reproduce

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2
Q

Replica Plating

A

Method of Lederbergs to demonstrate mutations as a random process

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3
Q

Homeotic Mutation

A

Involves abnormal placement of body parts

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4
Q

Humans are the new “asteroid” bringing about the ___ great extinction

A

Sixth

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5
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Codes for a stop codon and can truncate proteins

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6
Q

Selection coefficient/differential

A

The difference in trait means of a population before and after selection

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7
Q

Muller’s Ratchet

A

Bad mutations accumulate irreversibly, increasing genetic burden

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8
Q

Rafting

A

Explains how rare reptiles successfully colonized islands

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9
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Involves duplication of chromosomes in a hybrid of 2 species. (individual has more than two copies that come from different species)

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10
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion of a single base in DNA sequence

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11
Q

Ecological Equivalence

A

Taxa evolved separately to occupy similar niches in different areas

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12
Q

Endemism

A

Certain species live in one place and nowhere else

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13
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selects against less-adapted individuals at one tail of the distribution

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14
Q

Vicariance

A

Fragmentation of a continuous distribution by emergence of a barrier

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15
Q

two-fold cost of sex

A

Asexual lineages grow faster in each generation because all offspring(females) can reproduce

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16
Q

Disperal

A

Accounts for the present distribution of Psychotria trees across the Hawaiian archipelago

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17
Q

Germ line

A

General type of mutation involving passage to descendants through gametes

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18
Q

tradeoff

A

When an organism increases its survival advantage in one area at expense of another

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19
Q

infanticide

A

male competition can take this extreme form

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20
Q

semelparity

A

organisms reproduce once, after many years, and then die

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21
Q

Haldane’s Rule

A

Hybrid sterility often limited to heterogametic sex

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22
Q

Brood parasites

A

Mothers incr. success by laying eggs in foster parent’s nest

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23
Q

Kin seletion

A

parental care is the simplest case of______

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24
Q

Hybrid zone

A

Site where two subspecies interbreed

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25
runaway sexual selection
Once the trait starts it becomes self-reinforcing
26
Lock and key
Functional use of genital structures in insects often described as______
27
WZ, ZZ system
In birds & Lepidoptera, sex chromosomes are reveresed
28
Good genes hypothesis
By being choosy, females select males that may provide more fit offspring
29
Tradeoff
Prevents organisms from evolving infinite life spans and fecundity
30
isolation mechanism
Reproductive trait that prevents successful breeding between species
31
disruptive selection
Mimicry complexes in butterflies are case studies in _____
32
sand tiger sharks
commits embryonic siblicide
33
clinal variation
gradual change in a trait (allele freq) over geographic distance
34
reciprocation
one of 3 leading explanations for apparent altruism
35
cooperative breeding
unrelated individuals rear offspring because it helps them get a future mate
36
Female, Anolis lizards
Provided evidence for the cost of reproduction
37
ESS
a phenotype that nearly all individuals have; no alternative phenotype can invade/replace it
38
Elephant Seals
A few dominant males can harems of of females against other males
39
Phylogenic(cracraft)
alternative biological species concept that emphasizes species as an outcome of evolution
40
Reinforcement
When stronger prezygotic isolation occurs due to selection against low-fitness hybrids look into other types of this stuff
41
Sympatric
Type of speciation where reproductive isolation occurs first within the population
42
BSI
Mean time that has elapsed between 2 sequential forks in a phylogeny
43
Malthus
Earth's limited resrouces produce "struggle for existence"
44
Mendel
Contributed "particulate" theory of genetics
45
Xenophanes
1st to recognize fossils as remains of ancient organism
46
Lyell
coined and defined "uniformitarianism" and influenced Darwin
47
Kimura
Considered genetic drift as the main force driving allele frequencies
48
Herbert Spencer
Rephrased natural selection as "survival of the fittest"
49
Charles Darwin
species over time evolved from common ancestors thru natural selection
50
George Cuvier
Demonstrated extinction as a fact of evolution
51
Leclerq
traits of species "improved" and "degenerated" after dispersing
52
Hardy-Weinberg
SHowed genes have a low tendency to disappear from populations
53
Jean Lamarck
Proposed and championed "inheritance of acquired traits"
54
S. Jones
"Anyone is free to believe whatever they wish. But why train to become a doctor when you deny the very foundations of your subject?"
55
evolutionary reversal
return from a derived trait to a more ancestral one
56
Mosaic traits
Evolve piecemeal and independently across a single lineage
57
Gradualism
Proceeding by small successive changes
58
Lateral gene transfer
Sharing of genetic information between different species
59
Evolutionary radiation
Divergent evolution of many related lineages in a short period of time
60
Paedomorphism
Retainment of juvenile traits into adulthood
61
Homology
Shared ancestry creates similarity in structure, despite differences in function
62
Molecular Clock
Base pair differences versus time since divergence is nearly constant
63
Von Baer's Law
Traits common to related taxa show up first in Ontogeny before their phylogeny becomes apparent
64
Allometry
Growth of body parts at different rates, resulting in change of body proportions

Evo final (7 decks)

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