Exam No. 1: Chapters 1 & 2

Question 1

the science of behavior in humans and animals

Answer 1

psychology

Question 2

true or false: psychology is a science

Answer 2

true

Question 3

What are the two roots of psychology?

Answer 3

1. philosophical

2. biological

Question 4

emphasizes role of nature in behavior

Answer 4

Plato

Question 5

emphasizes role of nurture in psychology

Answer 5

Socrates

Question 6

father of modern philosophy
dualism and rationalism
“I think, therefore I am.”
reflex action

Answer 6

Rene Decartes

Question 7

the idea that body follows laws of the universe, where the mind (soul/spirit) is more unique; body is separate from the mind

Answer 7

dualism

Question 8

the idea that you reach truth/knowledge through one root (REASONING)

Answer 8

rationalism

Question 9

“No man’s knowledge here can go beyond experience.”

mechanization and empiricism

Answer 9

John Locke

Question 10

the idea that the mind still follows the same laws of the universe; mind (theory) is still separate from the body

Answer 10

mechanization

Question 11

the idea that research through OBSERVATION is the only way to advance in knowledge and truth; controlled observation/scientific research

Answer 11

empiricism

Question 12

the idea that the mind is compromised of matter (brain)

Answer 12

materialism

Question 13

reactions without the participation of mind/brain

Answer 13

reflex action (Descartes)

Question 14

JND (Just Noticeable Difference)

ex. blue and black – navy; line between categories

Answer 14

Gustav Fechner

Question 15

application of experimental procedures to psychological investigation

Answer 15

Johannes Muller

Question 16

brain specialization experimental ablation

- removed portion of the brain to see that subject could still do

Answer 16

Pierre Flourens

Question 17

individual differences

• reactions to physical stimuli with ranges
  ex. normal, highest or different

Answer 17

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Question 18

survival of the fittest

Answer 18

natural selection

Question 19

natural selection - physiologically predisposed to survive in the environment

Answer 19

Charles Darwin

Question 20

natural selection in psychology

Answer 20

behaviors that pay off for the individual

Question 21

physiologist, classical conditioning, dog studies (accidental findings)

Answer 21

Ivan Pavlov

Question 22

• 1st of everything
• 1st textbook/journal of psychology
• “father of psychology”
• “I am a psychologist, not….”
• introduced structuralism

Answer 22

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 23

the idea that THINGS cause behavior/personality

• consciousness
• observe yourselves

Answer 23

structuralism

Question 24

• 1st american psychologist

- functionalism

Answer 24

William James

Question 25

the idea that not things, but the FUNCTION of one thing that causes behavior

Answer 25

functionalism

Question 26

- structuralism | - developments in area of cognitive psychology (mental activities vs. mind/brain; "Black Box Psychology"

Answer 26

Edward Tichener

Question 27

- father of behavioralism - studied relationships between stimuli-response psychology - strong empiricist - not consciousness, mentalism, mind (set him apart)

Answer 27

John Watson

Question 28

- social and cognitive processes | - remembering

Answer 28

Sir Frederic Bartlett

Question 29

- psychodynamic approach - role of the unconscious - role of underlying sexual urges - theories didn't involve scientific research, although they were entertaining * * - clinical psychology

Answer 29

Sigmund Freud

Question 30

law of effect

Answer 30

Edward Thorndike

Question 31

only law of psychology

Answer 31

law of effect

Question 32

- father of radical behavioralism - A-B-C relationship * * - principles of reinforcement and punishment

Answer 32

B.F. Skinner

Question 33

What are the 3 goals of science?

Answer 33

1. explanation 2. prediction 3. control, ** psychology has difficulty with control

Question 34

relationship between things and explain what causes what

Answer 34

explanation

Question 35

true or false: science can NEVER prove something to be 100% true

Answer 35

true

Question 36

hypothesis vs. null hypothesis

Answer 36

hypothesis: what you expect to find null: what you try to prove is false

Question 37

explanation for natural phenomena | strong _________ are composed of laws and principles, not beliefs

Answer 37

theory

Question 38

What are the 3 components of a theory?

Answer 38

1. laws 2. principles 3. beliefs

Question 39

____ are simple statements, not broad, researched over and over again

Answer 39

laws

Question 40

the main criterion for whether or not a theory or explanation is scientific * * must be testable * ** determines whether or not a theory is scientific

Answer 40

falsifiability and proof

Question 41

combining information drawing CONCLUSIONS and creating a THEORY

Answer 41

inductive reasoning

Question 42

break down theory, focus on one particular area, individual behaviors -- hypothesis

Answer 42

deductive reasoning

Question 43

- working definitions - observable behavior that can be measured ex. study levels of stress, define it ONE WAY

Answer 43

operational definitions

Question 44

variables in research: what is manipulated

Answer 44

independent

Question 45

variables in research: what is measured - change

Answer 45

dependent

Question 46

What is the dependent variable in psychology?

Answer 46

behavior

Question 47

variables in research: what are controlled/accounted for through statistics

Answer 47

extraneous/confounding

Question 48

findings/results consistent - within test - across tests - inter observer

Answer 48

reliability

Question 49

accuracy of conclusions (results predict what they are intended to predict)

Answer 49

validity

Question 50

- do no harm (physical/psychological) - protect confidentiality - respect right to refuse to participate - deception - debriefing

Answer 50

ethics

Question 51

if you knew what you were looking for, you'd change your behavior

Answer 51

deception

Question 52

tell you what they (researchers) were studying and why

Answer 52

debriefing

Question 53

cells of the brain that receive and transit information (nerve cell)

Answer 53

neurons

Question 54

What are the 3 types of neurons?

Answer 54

- sensory - motor - inter

Question 55

nucleus of the cell body

Answer 55

soma

Question 56

passes messages through neuron

Answer 56

axon

Question 57

receives info in the neuron

Answer 57

dendrite

Question 58

covers axon with fat

Answer 58

myelin sheaths

Question 59

spaces between two neurons

Answer 59

synapses

Question 60

stimulation (EPSP)

Answer 60

excitatory

Question 61

shuts down (IPSP)

Answer 61

inhibitory

Question 62

molecules that move from one neuron to the next

Answer 62

neurotransmitters

Question 63

work horse molecule; inhibits violent tendencies, if not enough STRESS

Answer 63

serotonin

Question 64

own natural pain killer

Answer 64

endorphins

Question 65

something to be watching (fight or flight)

Answer 65

noradrenaline

Question 66

later that covers brain, responsible for a lot of functions - folded - neurons 3-5 mm thick - only 1/3 visible, larger relative to other parts of the brain

Answer 66

cerebral cortex

Question 67

thinking, planning, memory, judgement, and movement; emotion and immortality

Answer 67

frontal lobe

Question 68

processing information about touch and your location (proprioception)

Answer 68

parietal lobe

Question 69

processes visual info (right and left)

Answer 69

occipital lobe

Question 70

hearing/language

Answer 70

temporal lobe

Question 71

Wernicke's Area

Answer 71

auditory cortex

Question 72

Broca's Area

Answer 72

motor cortex

Question 73

pole through skull

Answer 73

Phineas Gage

Question 74

left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions

Answer 74

brain lateral ovation

Question 75

controls basic functions (breathing, etc.)

Answer 75

brain stem

Question 76

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

Answer 76

1. medulla 2. pons 3. midbrain

Question 77

brain stem: vital body functions

Answer 77

medulla

Question 78

brain stem: motor control/sensory analysis

Answer 78

pons

Question 79

brain stem: processing vision, hearing, etc.

Answer 79

midbrain

Question 80

regulatory gateway (sensory input)

Answer 80

thalamus

Question 81

homeostasis, emotion, thirst/hunger, autonomic nervous system

Answer 81

hypothalamus

Question 82

memories relationships emotions

Answer 82

limbic system