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Victimology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Criminology

A

The study of criminals

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2
Q

Victimology

A

The study of crime victims

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3
Q

Victim Blaming

A

When a victim of a crime is held partially or entirely at fault for being vicitmized

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4
Q

Victim Facilitation

A

When a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime

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5
Q

Victim Precipitation

A

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization

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6
Q

Victim Provocation

A

When a person does something that incites another person to commit a crime

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7
Q

Shared Responsibility

A

Both the victim and the offender are somewhat responsible for the crime

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8
Q

Safe World Hypothesis

A

Belief that the world is safe, just, and predictable

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9
Q

Benjamin Mendelsohn

A

Father of victimology
Attention on victim, but not sympathetic

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10
Q

Stephen Schafer

A

Proposed typology
Very controversial because he placed blame on rape cases

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11
Q

Typology

A

Using social characteristics and behaviors to determine responsibility

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12
Q

Hans Von Hentig

A

Investigated why certain people are victims
Victim-Offender Dyad

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13
Q

Victim-Offender Dyad

A

Characteristics that put people at risk
Victims can provoke based on characteristics

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14
Q

Menachem Amir

A

Research on rape reported to police
Victim precipitation for all rape cases

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15
Q

Marvin Wolfgang

A

First to empirically study victim precipitation
26% of homicides were victim precipitated

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16
Q

Criminal-Victim Dyad

A

How characteristics of the victim interact with the offender

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17
Q

Uniform Crime Reports

A

Data based off police reports

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18
Q

National Crime Victimization Survey

A

Data based off government surveys

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19
Q

Routine Activities Theory

A

Link victimization to daily patterns

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20
Q

What volume and distribution of predatory crimes depend on?

A

Availability of suitable targets
Absence of capable guardians
Presence of motivated offenders

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21
Q

Target Hardening

A

Make target less attractive

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22
Q

Defensible Space

A

Make space less comfortable for offender

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23
Q

Environmental Criminology

A

How to construct cities to be safer

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24
Q

Lifestyle Theory of Victimization

A

Probabilities of crime depends on the activities of the victim

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25
Principle of Homogamy
The more frequently one comes in contact with offenders more likely to be victimized
26
Proximity Hypothesis
Becoming a victim is not based on your lifestyle, but rather is based on your proximity How likely it is that you encounter offenders in your daily life
27
Victim-Offender Relationships
Focus of research on the link between offending and victimization
28
Who is more likely to become an offender?
Juvenile delinquents Property crime victims Interpersonal Violence Sexual Assault
29
Women's Movement
Need for female victims to receive special attention and help
30
What are three developments from the recognition of women and children as victims?
Brought awareness that victimization often entails emotional and mental harm, even in the absence of physical injury Criminal justice system was no longer relied on to provide victims with assistance to rebuilding their lives Shelters and centers were able to run and stay open because of volunteers
31
Victims' Rights Movement
Marked a shift in how victims were viewed by the public and by the criminal justice system
32
Primary Victims
Direct victims of crimes
33
Secondary Victims
Persons whose loved ones had been murdered
34
Proximity
How likely it is that you will encounter offenders in your daily life
35
Dynamic Casual Perspective
Victims and offenders have a relationship that is casual, not intimate
36
Heterogeneity Perspective
Personality and environment are shared and bring victim and offender into contact
37
Second Wound
Second victimization; victim blaming, denial, other costs/consequences
38
Direct Costs
Monies and the value of goods and services taken as a result of identity theft
39
Common Economic Costs
Property losses Cost of medical care Time away from work, school, and home Pain, suffering, quality of life reduction Legal costs
40
Medical Costs
Costs associated with treating victims of crime
41
System Costs
Costs paid by society in response to victimization Law enforcement and insurance costs
42
Brain Stem
Instinctive reaction
43
Limbic System
Unconscious, controls emotion, fear and sensory memory
44
PTSD
Anxiety disorder Affects approximately 25% of victims vs. 9% of general public
45
Anxiety
Irrational and excessive fear Accompanied by physical symptoms
46
Learned Helplessness
No purpose in responding
47
Fear of Crime
Emotional response to a perceived threat Produces physiological response
48
Impact on Reporting
Consequences of crimes are different if reported to police
49
Vicarious Victimization
Effect of victimization on those close to the victim
50
Depression
Changes in activities, sleeping, and eating habits Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and irritability
51
Anxiety
Irrational and excessive fear Accompanied by physical symptoms
52
Self Blame
Blaming oneself for victimization
53
Learned Helplessness
No purpose in responding
54
What responses to victimization depends on
Biological make-up Interactional style Coping style and resources Equilibrium Context in which the incident occurs Context in which they operate after the incident
55
Victims' Rights
Right to Notification Right to Participation Right to Protection
56
Right to Notification
Keeps victims apprised of case status at various stages of CJ process
57
Right to Participation
Victims' rights movement goals included increasing victim participation and consultation
58
Right to Protection
Participation in CJS may endanger victims
59
Restitution
Money paid by offender to victim as a part of sentence
60
Restorative Justice Approach
A movement recognizing that crime is harm caused not just to the state but to the victim and their community
61
Offender Restitution
Money or services paid to victims of crimes by the offenders
62
Victim Compensation
Financial remedy for victims who suffer economic losses
63
Victim Impact Statements
Statement made to the court by the victim or their family about the harm caused and the desired sentence for the offender
64
Victim Assistance Programs
Provide assistance to victims navigating CJS
65
Civil Litigation
People can sue, not a lot a restrictions on who can sue
66
Victims of Crime Act 1984
First victims fund Created the Office for Victims of Crime and provided funds for victims
67
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1994
Funding for research, programming, and prevention of violence
68
Children's Bill of Rights Act 1990
Gave victims' rights to children who were victims or witnesses
69
Justice for All Act 2004
Enforced victims' rights and provided funds to test the backlog of rape kits
70
Violence Against Women Act 1994
Gave money to programs for prevention and treatment of female victims
71
Office of Victims of Crime
To provide aid and promote justice for victims

Victimology (1 decks)

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