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Cellular Biology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

What generates new daughter cells?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What allows us to observe cells and their functions

A

Microscopes

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3
Q

Cells are both _______ and _________

A

complex; dynamic

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4
Q

What are the two fundamental classes of cells?

A

Eukaryote and Prokaryote

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5
Q

Where did Eukaryotes evolved from?

A

They evolved from Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells contains _________ and are _________.

A

organelles; membrane bound.

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7
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are complex environments that allow many chemical task to be performed.

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8
Q

How do cells respond to stimuli?

A

through signaling

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9
Q

Steps of cell responding to stimuli

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. response
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10
Q

What is catabolism and why is it important?

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules. This relates energy making it crucial

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11
Q

What is anabolism and why is it important?

A

Anabolism is a set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller unites. This is important because it is energetically expensive

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12
Q

Mitosis is the process of _________ and ________ in order to create _______ number of chromosomes as parental cell.

A

growth and renewal; equal

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13
Q

Meiosis is the process of __________ order to create ___________.

A

reproduction; Daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as parent.

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14
Q

What major item can be found inside of the nucleus?

A

DNA

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15
Q

Where is the site of macromolecule digestion

A

Lysosome

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16
Q

Where is the site of protein and lipid manufacturing

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

Which site is know for storing, modifying and transporting proteins.

A

Golgi Complex

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18
Q

Where is site of chemical energy synthesis?

A

Mitochondria

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19
Q

_________ lack membrane bound organelles.

A

Prokaryotes

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20
Q

Which structure or process mediates the exchange of materials between the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and the outside of the cell.

A

Transport vesicles

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21
Q

Which term best describes a pair of genes that derived from a common ancestral gene?

A

homologous

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22
Q

many proteins can be located in fixed or living cells by

A

fluorescent microscope

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23
Q

What are the three domains in the tree of life

A

archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes

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24
Q

All cells are enclosed by a ___________ which seperates the inside of the cell from its environment

A

cell membrane

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25
Q

What is a drawback using a light microscope

A

It cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium

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26
Q

in eukaryotic cells where are the proteins and lipids made

A

in the endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

What is a drawback to using a light microscope?

A

It cannot be used to view structures smaller than a bacterium

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28
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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29
Q

What is a drawback to using an electron microscope

A

It cannot be used to look at alive cells

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30
Q

Important class of lipids that is build around a 4 ring hydrocarbon

A

steroids

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31
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid

A

Carboxyl Group, Amino Group, Center Carbon atom(alpha carbon), and R group (side chain) that changes

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32
Q

All amino acids have….

A
  • A Full name
  • A three letter abbreviation
  • A on letter abbreviation
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33
Q

Example of Amino acid is Alanine, what are the abbreviations?

A

Ala, A

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34
Q

Example of Polar Charged Amino Acid

A

Aspartic Acid (Asp, D)

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35
Q

Another example of a polar charged amino acid

A

Lysine (Lys or K)

36
Q

aspartic acid contains a _________.

A

carboxyl group

37
Q

Lysine contains a ________.

A

Amino group

38
Q

Example of polar uncharged amino acids

A

Serine and Tyrosine

39
Q

Serine and _______ contain _________

A

tyrosine, HYDROXYL GROUPS

40
Q

Examples of Nonpolar amino acids

A

Valine and Alanine

41
Q

Important nonpolar side chain ______

A

Cysteine

42
Q

In a reducing environment how does Cysteine act

A

– Free sulfhydryl groups
– Present in the cytoplasm

43
Q

In a oxidizing environment how does Cysteine act

A
  • Forms covalent bonds with another
    cys residue (disulfide bond)
    – Present in the extracellular space,
    ER, mitochondria, Golgi
44
Q

The structure of a protein is crucial because it determines its _____________.

A

function

45
Q

If a protein loses it 3D structure it will lose ___________

A

its function.

46
Q

Name some noncovalent bonds that help folding

A

Hydrogen Bonds, Van Der waals interactions, electrostatic attractions

47
Q

example of a protein chaperone

A

Heat Shock Protein 70

48
Q

what bonds form between residues

A

peptide bonds

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of cell theory?

A

Cells can spontaneously arise from nonorganic material

50
Q

The theory of endosymbiosis (endosymbiont theory) BEST explains

A

The origin of Eukaryotes

51
Q

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic property of cells

A

Cells always create identical copies of themselves

52
Q

Which of the following is the limit of resolution for a human eye and a light microscope?

A. 200 nanometers for the human eye, 200 nanometers for light microscope
B. 200 meters for the human eye, 200 centimeters for light microscope
C. 200 nanometers for the human eye, 200 micrometers for the light microscope
D. 200 millimeters for the human eye, 200 nanometers for the light microscope
E. 200 micrometers for the human eye, 200 nanometers for the light microscope

A

Answer is E. WATCH FOR UNITS

53
Q

which of the following is the strongest attractive force between atoms?

A. Hydrogen Bonds
B. Van Der Waals interactions
C. Covalent bonds
D. Ionic bonds in water
E. All have similar bon strength

A

Answer is C covalent bonds

54
Q

In a cell, where are strong ionic bonds most likely to be found?

A. In the cytoplasm
B. On the surface of a protein
C. On the surface of a lipid
D. Between DNA strands
E. Deep in a proteins core where water is excluded

A

Answer is E

55
Q

Where are hydrophobic interactions most likely to occur?
A. between 2 ions
B. between 2 charged molecules
C. On the surface of water-soluble protein
D. the core of a water soluble protein
E. In contact with water molecules

A

Answer is D

56
Q

What is the most abundant class of biological organic molecules in cells, on a weight basis?

A

Biological macromolecules

57
Q

Complete hydrolysis of glycogen will result _______ monomers, while complete hydrolysis of cellulose will result in _________ monomers

A

Alpha D-glucose; Beta D-glucose

58
Q

Which amino acid residue would be most likely to occur on the surface of a water-soluble protein?

A. Valine
B. Phenylalanine
C. Serine
D. Alanine
E. Tryptophan

A

Answer is C serine because

59
Q

The alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of ________ and, and unlike an unstructured part of the polypeptide chain is stabilized by _____________.

A

Secondary Structure; hydrogen bonds

60
Q

Which of these is a molecule that helps protein folding?

A. Foldins
B. All the Above
C. Escort proteins
D. Chaperone Proteins

A

D is the correct answer

61
Q

During Griffiths experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia in mice, material from _______ bacteria transformed ___________ bacteria.

A

Heat-killed virulent, living nonvirulent

62
Q

Avery and his colleagues’ 1944 experiment showed that DNA

A

was the substance that transformed the bacteria in Griffiths experiment

63
Q

The MAIN conclusion of Christian Anfinsen’s experiments on ribonuclease A was that:

A

The primary structure of an amino acid contains all information needed to correctly fold the protein

64
Q

What kind of enzyme removes phosphate groups from other molecules?

A

Phosphatases

65
Q

An inhibitor binds to an enzyme and directly prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme ( the inhibitor binds the same spot as the substrate). This inhibitor is an example of a(n) ___________ inhibitor.

A

Competitive

66
Q

What is the single most abundant molecule in a cell?

A

water

67
Q

What is the only covalent bond used to stabilize tertiary structure of a protein (between different parts of the polypeptide chain) and what amino acid(s) are used to form this bond?

A

Disulfide bonds between 2 cysteine residues

68
Q

what are the two classes on nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines and pyrimidines

69
Q

What are the 2 types of purines called?

A

-guanine
-adenine

70
Q

what are the 3 types of pyrimidines called?

A

-cytosine
-Thymine(DNA)
-Uracil(RNA)

71
Q

Whats the benefit purines have on pyrimidines

A

they allow for binding

72
Q
A
73
Q

How are base pairs joined to ribose sugars

A

By glycosidic linkage

74
Q

You must CUT paper to make a pyramid. What are the three different types of pyramidines?

A

Cytosine
Thymine (DNA)
Uracil (RNA)

75
Q

What are the two purines

A

Adenine and guanine

76
Q

How is the DNA strand held together

A

Through hydrogen bonding

77
Q

How long is the DNA molecule in width

A

2nm

78
Q

The telomere allows the end of chromosome to be ________.

A

Duplicated

79
Q

The centromere provides site for ________ chromosomes to be separated during _______.

A

Duplicated; mitosis

80
Q

The components of a nucleotide are

A

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

81
Q

Which of these is a purine?
1. Cytosine
2. Guanine
3.Thymine
4. Uracil

A

Guanine; the rest are prymindines

82
Q

what is the enzyme that adds free nucleotides in replicating DNA

A

DNA Polymerase

83
Q

What is the function of the telomere?

A

Allows the end of the chromosome to be duplicated

84
Q

What is the replication origin function

A

provide site for start of replication

85
Q

What is the centromere function?

A

provides site for duplicated chromosome to be separated in mitosis

86
Q
A

Cellular Biology (4 decks)

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