EXAM ONE

Question 1

Wundt - Structuralism - introspection

Answer 1

(1832-1920); in 1879 established the first psychology lab;

Goal: identify the structure of the mind
Method: introspection
Systematic, detailed, self-report of thoughts, and feelings

Question 2

James - functionalism - stream of conciousness

Answer 2

(1842-1910)
Functionalism - why the brain works; the purpose of something

Goal: explore the purposes of mind and behavior
Focus: mind’s interactions with the outside world
Stream of consciousness
Why is the human thought adaptive?

Question 3

Charles Darwin - evolution / natural selection

Answer 3

(1809-1882)
On the origin of species, 1859
Psychology and evolution
Adaptations now; some mental processes for stuck because they helped our ancestors survive

Question 4

Prosser
Turner
Calvin’s

Answer 4

Prosser: first Black American woman to receive a PhD in psychology
Turner: first Black American to conduct psychological research
Calkins: first woman president of APA

Question 5

Scientific Method and the steps

Answer 5

Science is a method; it’s not what you study but how you study it; using the scientific method is what makes psychology science; psychologists use the scientific method to gain knowledge about mind and behavior

1. Observe
2. Hypothesize
3. Test
4. Draw conclusions
5. Evaluate theory

Question 6

Theory

Answer 6

A system of ideas that attempts to explain observations and make predictions about future observations

Question 7

Hypothesis

Answer 7

An educated guess derived from a theory; can be tested

Question 8

Approaches to psychology

Answer 8

1. Biological - focuses on the body, especially the brain and nervous system; for example, researchers might investigate the way your heart races when you are afraid or how your hands swear when you lie
2. Behavioral - emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavior responses and their environmental determinants
3. Psychodynamic - emphasizes the unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as sexual pleasure) and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences
4. Humanistic - emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny
5. Cognitive - emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
6. Evolutionary - uses evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors
7. Sociocultural - examines how social and cultural environments influence behaviors

Question 9

Operational definitions of variables

Answer 9

Anything that changes; anything I’m interested in studying

Question 10

Types of descriptive research

Answer 10

1. Observation
2. Interviews and surveys
3. Case studies
   EX: Kim Kardashian super-fan freaky lips

Question 11

Correlational Reasearch

Answer 11

Identifies relationships (how variables are related)

1. Correlation coefficient: r - 1.00 < r < 1.00
2. Strength of relationship
3. Directions of relationship
4. Scatter plots; positive Correlation (The longer the lecture, the more yawns)
5. Longitudinal designs - measuring variable in multiple waves over time

Question 12

Experimental research

Answer 12

Determine causation; Experiments are one of the few research designs that allows you to directly test why something happens, that is, to test for cause and effect

1. Independent variable - changing (sleep)
2. Dependent variable - being measured (effects academic performance)
3. Experimental group
4. Control group
5. Random assignment to groups
6. Is there a difference between groups?

Question 13

Treatment
Experimental group
Control group

Answer 13

Experimental group: exposed to manipulation of independent variable

Control group: treated equally, except no manipulation

Question 14

Independent variable

Answer 14

Variable that is manipulated

Question 15

Dependent variable

Answer 15

Variable that is measured

Question 16

Random assignment

Answer 16

The assignment of participants to experimental groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that a study’s results will be due to preexisting differences between groups

Question 17

Longitudinal study

Answer 17

1. A type of correctional research
2. Measuring variables in multiple waves over time
3. Can suggest potential casual relationships
4. The Framingham heart Study in Massachusetts
5. Can show more casual relationships

Question 18

Case study

Answer 18

An in-depth look at a single person

Question 19

Informed consent

Answer 19

The person you’re studying has to know

Question 20

Experimental bias

Answer 20

the influence of the experimenter’s expectations on the outcome of the research

Question 21

Replication

Answer 21

Repeating a study in a new sample to see if results are the same as in previous work

Question 22

Placebo and placebo effect

Answer 22

Changing your behavior because you believe what you are given (medicine) your brain chemically changes your mindset on how the medicine actually works

Question 23

Double-blind procedure

Answer 23

Participant nor the experimenter know

Question 24

Measures of central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode

Answer 24

Mode - accuses most frequently
Median - average
Mean -
Range - subtract highest score from lowest score

Question 25

Measures of dispersions

Answer 25

Describes the spread of data around a centaur value (Mean, median or mode)

Question 26

Sample

Answer 26

People who are being studied (only the people in your study)

Question 27

Population

Answer 27

A population of people beyond your study; the university

Question 28

Inferential statistics

Answer 28

Provides data from a sample that a researcher studies which enables him to make conclusions about the population

Question 29

Ethics Debriefing Deception Confidentiality

Answer 29

1. Debrief - tell them what happened and what you did 2. Deception - misleading research participants about an experiment’s purpose, conditions, or procedures 3. Confidentiality - what happens in the case study, stays in the case study 4. Ethics - moral principles

Question 30

Demand characteristics

Answer 30

demanding something from them that causes their behavior to change

Question 31

Experimenter biases

Answer 31

The influence of the experimenter’s expectations on the outcome of the research

Question 32

External vs. Internal validity

Answer 32

1. External - an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address 2. Internal - changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

Question 33

Elements in psychological thinking

Answer 33

1. Curiosity - learning new things; why things are the way they are 2. Critical thinking - analyze information; process information and make a decisions based on logical reason 3. Skeptical - not believing everything you see or hear; doubt 4. Objectivity - not having biases; being data driven; interest in the facts and not feelings