Exam one

Question 1

Combination of qualities that society considers both masculine and feminine. People with this tend to identify with and enact qualities socially ascribed both to women and men.

Answer 1

androgyny

Question 2

Person whose gender identity is consistent with society’s views of the sex assigned to the person at birth.

Answer 2

cis

Question 3

A dynamic, systemic process in which meanings are created and reflected in and through humans’ interactions with symbols.

Answer 3

communication

Question 4

The literal meaning of communication. They are the formal, or denotative, meanings of messages.

Answer 4

content level of meaning

Question 5

Modes of study that are informed by political commitments to interrogating power dynamics.

Answer 5

critical research methods

Question 6

The structures and practices, especially those relating to communication, through which a particular social order is produced and reproduced by legitimizing certain values, expectations, meanings, and patterns of behavior.

Answer 6

culture

Question 7

The reduction of a phenomenon to its primary characteristics, which are generally presumed to be innate or unchangeable. To do this to the sexes is to imply that all women are alike in basic respects, that all men are alike in basic respects, and that the two sexes are distinct from each other because of fundamental qualities.

Answer 7

essentializing

Question 8

A social, symbolic construction that includes an internal sense of identity, the external communication of that identity, as well as the cultural expectations assigned to biological sex.

Answer 8

gender

Question 9

The external communication of one’s gender identity through clothing, hairstyles, behavior, and voice.

Answer 9

gender expression

Question 10

A person’s private sense of, and subjective experience of, his/her/their own gender.

Answer 10

gender identity

Question 11

The cultural expectations assigned to one’s sex.

Answer 11

gender role

Question 12

Used to describe various circumstances in which individuals are born with both male and female characteristics.

Answer 12

intersex people

Question 13

Scholarship that combines quantitative, qualitative, and critical methods of doing research.

Answer 13

mixed research methods

Question 14

Of or pertaining to patriarchy, “rule by the fathers.” The term patriarchy generally refers to systems of ideology, social structures, and practices created by men, which reflect the values, priorities, and views of men as a group.

Answer 14

patriarchal

Question 15

Aim to understand the nature or meaning of experiences, which cannot be quantified into numbers.

Answer 15

qualitative research methods

Question 16

Way of gathering data that can be quantified and analyzing the data to draw conclusions.

Answer 16

quantitative research methods

Question 17

The nonliteral meaning of communication. Expresses how a speaker sees the relationship between self and other. May provide cues about how to interpret the literal meaning of a message, for instance, as a joke.

Answer 17

relationship level of meaning

Question 18

A personal quality determined by biological and genetic characteristics. Male, female, man, and woman indicate this.

Answer 18

sex

Question 19

A person’s preferences for romantic and sexual partners.

Answer 19

sexual orientation

Question 20

Someone whose biologically assigned sex and its accompanying gendered expectations do not match their gender identity.

Answer 20

trans/transgender

Question 21

The theory that biological characteristics of the sexes are the basis of differences in women’s and men’s thinking, communicating, feeling, and other functions.

Answer 21

biological theory

Question 22

A developmental theory according to which children participate in defining their genders by acting on internal motivations to be competent, which in turn lead them to seek out gender models that help them to sculpt their own femininity or masculinity.

Answer 22

cognitive development theory

Question 23

The division of humans into two sexes and two corresponding genders that are presumed to be opposite, distinct, natural, and enduring. It assumes that a person’s sex, gender, and sexuality align in socially prescribed ways.

Answer 23

gender binary

Question 24

A person’s understanding that his/her/their assigned sex is stable or permanent and that it is accompanied by gendered expectations.

Answer 24

gender constancy

Question 25

An internal mental framework that organizes perceptions and directs behavior related to gender.

Answer 25

gender schema

Question 26

Claims that cognitive processes are central to our learning what gender means in our culture and to learning how to perform our gender competently. Related to cognitive development theory.

Answer 26

gender schema theory

Question 27

A view that promotes heterosexuality as natural and preferred and assumes all other sexual identities are abnormal.

Answer 27

heteronormativity

Question 28

Integration of two theories into a perspective on performances as means of challenging and destabilizing conventional cultural categories and the values attached to them. (Second)

Answer 28

performative theory

Question 29

The theory that family relationships, especially between mother and child during the formative years of life, have a pivotal and continuing impact on the development of self, particularly gender identity.

Answer 29

psychodynamic theories

Question 30

Integration of two theories into a perspective on performances as means of challenging and destabilizing conventional cultural categories and the values attached to them. (First)

Answer 30

queer performative theory

Question 31

social definitions of expected behaviors and the values associated with them; typically internalized by individuals in the process of socialization.

Answer 31

role

Question 32

Critique of conventional categories of identity and cultural views of “normal” and “abnormal,” particularly in relation to sexuality. Argues identities are not fixed but fluid.

Answer 32

queer theory

Question 33

Theory that individuals learn gender through observation and imitation, and by reacting to rewards and punishments others offer in response.

Answer 33

social learning theory

Question 34

A theory that focuses on the influence of social location (e.g., gender, race, class, etc) on one’s experience and perspective.

Answer 34

standpoint theory

Question 35

The theory that individuals develop self-identity and an understanding of social life, values, and codes of conduct through communicative interactions with others in a society.

Answer 35

symbolic interactionism

Question 36

A way to describe, explain, and predict relationships among phenomena.

Answer 36

theory

Question 37

A movement opposing any measures that advance women’s equality, status, rights, or opportunities; also called the backlash against feminism.

Answer 37

antifeminism

Question 38

A movement that aimed to prevent women from gaining the right to vote in the United States. Opposition to women’s right to vote was evident as early as 1848 and was formalized in organizations by 1911.

Answer 38

antisuffrage movement

Question 39

A countermovement that seeks to repudiate and contain feminism by arguing two contradictory claims: that women have never had it so good, so there is no longer any need for feminism; and that feminism has caused serious problems in women’s lives and family relationships. Also called antifeminism.

Answer 39

backlash

Question 40

Grassroots movement of people of all genders that challenges racist violence, police brutality, and mass incarceration of Black people.

Answer 40

BlackLivesMatter

Question 41

Cultural ideology during the first wave of U.S. feminism that claimed women are suited for and should remain in the domestic sphere.

Answer 41

cult of domesticity

Question 42

The viewpoint that women and men differ in fundamental ways, including biology, having different abilities and skills, and being entitled to different rights.

Answer 42

cultural feminism

Question 43

A movement that integrates the intellectual and political bases of feminist theorizing with ecological philosophy. The specific oppression of women is seen as a particular instance of a larger ideology that esteems violence and domination of women, children, animals, and the Earth.

Answer 43

ecofeminism

Question 44

A feminist movement rooted in Black feminism and responsive to the concerns of the hip-hop generation.

Answer 44

hip-hop feminism

Question 45

recognition that all systems of oppression are interconnected.

Answer 45

intersectionality

Question 46

A form of feminism that maintains that women and men are alike in important respects and advocates women’s social, economic, educational, and political equality.

Answer 46

liberal feminism

Question 47

Arising in the early 1960s this movement advocates women’s social, economic, educational, and political equality.

Answer 47

mainstream second wave feminism

Question 48

(1) Aims to be inclusive of diverse peoples; (2) to use personal life and personal action for political impact; and (3) to work to build coalitions with other groups that struggle against oppression.

Answer 48

mainstream third-wave feminism

Question 49

A grassroots gathering of African-American women launched in Philadelphia in 1997 to celebrate and foster solidarity among black women.

Answer 49

Million Woman March

Question 50

A branch of the women’s movement that is characterized by global perspective, coalition-building, and emphasis on multiple systems of domination that shape women’s lives.

Answer 50

multiracial feminism

Question 51

Cultural assumption that sexism is fully eradicated. Uses the language of feminism to undermine feminist commitments to collective justice and change.

Answer 51

postfeminist era

Question 52

A movement that emerged in the 1990s as a reaction to feminist emphasis on women’s oppression. Urges women to take what is theirs and to reject seeing themselves as victims of men or society.

Answer 52

power feminism

Question 53

A branch of feminism that grew out of New Left politics and demanded the same attention to women’s oppression that New Left organizations gave to racial oppression and other ideological issues. They pioneered revolutionary communication techniques such as consciousness raising, leaderless group discussion, and guerrilla theater.

Answer 53

radical feminism

Question 54

Feminist group that focuses on valuing traditionally feminine skills, activities, and perspectives and their contributions to personal, interpersonal, and cultural life.

Answer 54

revalorism

Question 55

An underground feminist movement that began in the late 1980s and aligned with punk music, radical politics, and DIY ethics. They created their own music, art, and zines to tackle a range of feminist issues.

Answer 55

Riot Grrrl

Question 56

Feminist group that believes that, because patriarchal culture cannot be changed or reformed, women who find it oppressive must create and live in their own women-centered communities separate from the larger culture.

Answer 56

separatism

Question 57

A movement by and for trans and gender-nonconforming people that advances an intersectional view of liberation.

Answer 57

transfeminism

Question 58

gendered discrimination, hatred, and violence aimed at transfeminine people.

Answer 58

transmisogyny

Question 59

Activism started by Black women to define oppression as resulting from both race and sex. It is rooted in a long tradition of intersectional actvism and analysis that dates back to the first wave of feminism.

Answer 59

womanism (a.k.a black feminism)

Question 60

A branch of feminism that grew out of New Left politics and demanded the same attention to women’s oppression that New Left organizations gave to racial oppression and other ideological issues. Radical feminists pioneered revolutionary communication techniques such as consciousness raising, leaderless group discussion, and guerrilla theater. Not radical feminism!

Answer 60

women’s liberation movement

Question 61

From the mid-1800s to the 1920s, a movement that focused on gaining basic rights for women, such as the rights to vote, to pursue higher education, and to enter professions.

Answer 61

women’s rights movement

Question 62

A grassroots movement that used street-based, direct action civil disobedience to advocate for people living with HIV and AIDS.

Answer 62

ACT UP (AIDs Coalition To Unleash Power)

Question 63

From the mythopoetic men’s movement, men’s yearning to be close to other men and to build deep, enduring bonds with them; based on the mythopoetic belief that most young boys have distant relationships with the primary man in their lives—the father—and that the hunger for meaningful contact with men, of which they were deprived in youth, continues throughout life.

Answer 63

father hunger

Question 64

A British fathers’ rights group that relies on the two rhetorical strategies of humor and dramatic stunts to raise public awareness about the custody rights of separated and divorced fathers.

Answer 64

Fathers 4 Justice

Question 65

A branch of the men’s movement that seeks to restore the traditional image of men by celebrating and encouraging the qualities of competitiveness, independence, and ruggedness in men.

Answer 65

Free Men

Question 66

A multifaceted effort to stimulate a national conversation about what it means to be a good man today.

Answer 66

Good Men Project

Question 67

Abbreviation for involuntary celibacy; one of the extreme men’s rights groups.

Answer 67

incels

Question 68

Men who believe that women and men are alike in important respects and that the sexes should enjoy the same privileges, rights, opportunities, and status in society. Some seek to rid themselves of what they regard as toxic masculinity promoted in men by socialization and to develop sensitivities more typically inculcated in women. Also called?

Answer 68

male feminists (pro-feminist men)

Question 69

A category of men’s movement that sees men as oppressed and seeks to preserve men’s freedom from women and feminization.

Answer 69

masculinist

Question 70

A male antiviolence program that educates men about socialization that links masculinity to violence and aggression; motivates men to reject violence in themselves and in other men; and emphasizes the role of a bystander.

Answer 70

Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP)

Question 71

Members of a men’s movement whose goal is to restore traditional roles for men and women and, with that, the privileges men have historically enjoyed.

Answer 71

men’s rights activists

Question 72

A branch of the men’s movement that began with a march in Washington, DC, in 1995, in which black men atoned for sins and committed themselves to spiritual transformation and political action. Annual marches were also held in subsequent years.

Answer 72

Million Man March

Question 73

Hatred of women.

Answer 73

misogyny

Question 74

A branch of the men’s movement headed by Robert Bly and active in the 1990s. They believe that men need to rediscover their distinctively masculine modes of feeling.

Answer 74

mythopoetic movement

Question 75

An activist men’s organization that promotes personal, political, and social changes that foster equality of men and women and gay and straight people through workshops and informal group discussions, public speaking, educational outreach programs, and enactment of traitorous identities.

Answer 75

NOMAS (National Organization for Men Against Sexism)

Question 76

Begun in 1990, a Christian branch of the men’s movement that calls men together to pray and commit to Christ-centered living.

Answer 76

Promise Keepers

Question 77

A group member’s criticism of particular attitudes and actions that are typically accepted within the group; e.g., a man critiquing a sexist joke.

Answer 77

traitorous identity

Question 78

An organization that works to end men’s violence against women through community awareness and fundraising.

Answer 78

Walk a Mile in Her Shoes

Question 79

An international group of men who work to end men’s violence against women.

Answer 79

White Ribbon Campaign (WRC)

Question 80

Paternalistic attitude that describes women affectionately but assumes they aren’t competent to do particular tasks.

Answer 80

benevolent sexism

Question 81

Asserts that differences between women’s and men’s communication are influenced by a variety of factors including topics, speaker status, salience of gender in a communication situation, and other people present.

Answer 81

gender-linked language effect

Question 82

Words and phrases that are claimed to refer to both women and men yet are denotatively masculine; for example, the word man used to refer to all human beings.

Answer 82

generic language

Question 83

Systems of ideology, social structures, and practices that are created by women and reflect the values, priorities, and views of women as a group.

Answer 83

matriarchal

Question 84

Nominal indicators of listening or attending. “Um” and “yeah” are examples.

Answer 84

minimal response cues

Question 85

Conceiving things in terms of opposites (e.g., good or bad, right or wrong).

Answer 85

polarized thinking

Question 86

A group of people who share assumptions regarding how, when, and why to communicate and how to interpret others’ communication.

Answer 86

speech community

Question 87

A broad generalization about an entire class of phenomena based on some knowledge of limited aspects of certain members of the class.

Answer 87

stereotype

Question 88

A personal object that influences how we see ourselves and how we express our identities.

Answer 88

artifact

Question 89

Touch as a form of nonverbal communication.

Answer 89

haptics

Question 90

Facial and body movements; one type of nonverbal communication.

Answer 90

kinesics

Question 91

The dimension of relationship-level meaning that expresses affection for another.

Answer 91

liking

Question 92

All elements of communication other than words themselves. Estimated to carry 65 to 93% of the total meaning of communication and includes visual, vocal, environmental, and physical aspects of interaction.

Answer 92

nonverbal communication

Question 93

Vocal cues that accompany verbal communication, such as accent, volume, and inflection.

Answer 93

paralanguage

Question 94

Dimension of relationship-level meaning that expresses the degree to which a person is equal to, dominant over, or deferential to others.

Answer 94

power

Question 95

Space and the human use of space, including personal territories.

Answer 95

proxemics

Question 96

The dimension of relationship-level meaning that expresses attentiveness to others and interest in what they say and do.

Answer 96

responsiveness

Question 97

An aspect of proxemics; the sense of personal space that one does not want others to invade.

Answer 97

territoriality