Exam One

Question 1

which field of study focuses on the macroscopic scale of the brain?

Answer 1

gross anatomy

Question 2

front anterior to posterior, what is the correct order of brain lobes?

Answer 2

frontal, parietal, occipital

Question 3

in humans, the dorsal side of the brain is also ___, and the dorsal side of the spinal cord is also ___.

Answer 3

superior, posterior

Question 4

the sagittal plane divides the brain into ___ halves.

Answer 4

left and right

Question 5

which structure corresponds to the primary motor cortex?

Answer 5

precentral gyrus

Question 6

what types of functions are associated with the subcortical structures?

Answer 6

reflexive behaviors, emotions, non-cognitive functions

Question 7

which brain structure is responsible for memory?

Answer 7

hippocampus

Question 8

which part of the embryonic brain turns into the cerebral cortex?

Answer 8

forebrain-telencephalon

Question 9

what is the typical flow of information in a neuron?

Answer 9

dendrite > soma > axon

Question 10

which part of a neuron is directly responsible for generating electrical signal?

Answer 10

cell membrane

Question 11

passive ion channels allow certain ions to move across the membrane ___.

Answer 11

down their concentration gradient

Question 12

which ion is more abundant inside the cell?

Answer 12

K+

Question 13

the resting membrane potential is influenced by ___.

Answer 13

concentration gradient of all ions, but especially by ions the membrane is more permeable to

Question 14

the equilibrium potential for an ion is the potential at which ____.

Answer 14

there is no net movement of that ion across that membrane

Question 15

which type of stimulus is more likely to generate an action potential?

Answer 15

large depolarization

Question 16

increasing stimulus strength will ____ of action potentials

Answer 16

increase the number/frequency

Question 17

which event is responsible for the upward slope of the action potential?

Answer 17

opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

Question 18

during relative refractory period ____.

Answer 18

only a strong stimulus can generate another action potential

Question 19

which type of axon has the fastest speed of action potential conduction?

Answer 19

large myelinated axons

Question 20

which type of ion channel facilitates the fusion of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic membrane?

Answer 20

voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

Question 21

what happens as a result of neurotransmitter binding?

Answer 21

ion channels open or close, producing EPSP or IPSP

Question 22

electrical synapses ____.

Answer 22

are passive and very fast

Question 23

___ is the most widespread excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 23

glutamate

Question 24

___ is the most widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

Answer 24

GABA

Question 25

ACh is involved in ___.

Answer 25

muscle contraction/voluntary movement, arousal/attention/memory, autonomic nervous system

Question 26

the target organs in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems have ___ and ___ receptors, respectively

Answer 26

muscarinic ACh, adrenergic

Question 27

what some targets of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 27

cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, gland cells

Question 28

organophosphates --- acetylcholine

Answer 28

increase the time ACh is available in the synapse

Question 29

why can't serotonin that is produced in the gut affect the brain?

Answer 29

it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier

Question 30

factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors are called ___

Answer 30

pharmacodynamics

Question 31

which process is the target of antidepressants such as SSRIs?

Answer 31

neurotransmitter clearance

Question 32

which receptor is the target of alcohol?

Answer 32

GABA

Question 33

psychedelics are ___ of ___ receptors

Answer 33

agonists, serotonin 5HT2A

Question 34

hallucinations due to psychedelic drugs are ___ and ___

Answer 34

temporary, visual

Question 35

the most common mechanism of antidepressants is ___ clearance of ___

Answer 35

decreased, serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 36

the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia was proposed because antipsychotic drugs had side effects similar to ___ in which dopamine is reduced

Answer 36

parkinson's disease

Question 37

the ability to delay gratification is associated with ___

Answer 37

less impulsivity, less chance of addiction, more chance of success

Question 38

antipsychotics are ___ of ___ receptors

Answer 38

antagonists, dopamine D2

Question 39

what is true about physical dependence?

Answer 39

tolerance and withdrawal are two aspects of physical dependence

Question 40

caffeine is an antagonist to adenosine receptors. developing functional tolerance for caffeine involves ___ of adenosine receptors

Answer 40

upregulation

Question 41

the perception of experiencing every reward is different but the ___ reward system is activated for all types of rewards

Answer 41

same

Question 42

what are the direct targets of VTA in the mesolimbocortical pathway?

Answer 42

the amygdala, frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens

Question 43

what do glial cells do?

Answer 43

support essential nervous system functions

Question 44

what is myelin?

Answer 44

a lipid-based material coating some axons

Question 45

what cells produce myelin?

Answer 45

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)

Question 46

what disease is caused by myelin loss?

Answer 46

multiple sclerosis

Question 47

what happens to membrane potential in depolarization and hyperpolarization?

Answer 47

in depolarization: inside of cell becomes more positive in hyperpolarization: inside of cell becomes more negative

Question 48

what is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Answer 48

ionotropic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels; metabotropic receptors are G-protein coupled

Question 49

why is nicotine addictive?

Answer 49

nicotine mimics ACh, increases dopamine release, registers as rewarding

Question 50

why does addiction kill?

Answer 50

it takes over the dopaminergic reward pathway, forces out everything else

Question 51

pharmacokinetics?

Answer 51

movement of drugs within the body

Question 52

pharmacodynamics?

Answer 52

relationship between a drug and its target receptors

Question 53

ED50?

Answer 53

median effective dose; 50% of recipients show desired results

Question 54

LD50?

Answer 54

median lethal dose; 50% of recipients die from drug toxicity

Question 55

therapeutic index?

Answer 55

TI; range of doses w/o extreme adverse effects

Question 56

frequent targets of antidepressants?

Answer 56

serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 57

target receptor of antipsychotics and psychedelics?

Answer 57

5HT2A (serotonin)

Question 58

what is up-regulation?

Answer 58

response to an antagonist; more receptors

Question 59

what is down-regulation?

Answer 59

response to an agonist; fewer receptors