Exam One

Question 1

Elevated blood glucose causes beta cells of the pancreas to secrete the hormone ________

Answer 1

insulin

Question 2

Glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to two molecules of pyruvate in a process called what?

Answer 2

glycolysis

Question 3

A protein’s primary structure refers to:

Answer 3

its sequence of amino acids forming one or more polypeptide chain

Question 4

True or false: A positive nitrogen balance is thought to be positive for losing protein as a result of starvation, severe illness with fever and infection, extreme weight loss, and trauma

Answer 4

False

Question 5

The process for converting certain amino acids (building blocks of protein) to glucose is called:

Answer 5

gluconeogenesis

Question 6

True or false: Carbohydrates are stored as glycogen in both the muscles and the liver in the body.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is the most abundant protein in the bodies of all mammals?

Answer 7

collagen

Question 8

What is the function of secretin in protein digestion?

Answer 8

signals the pancreas to release water and bicarbonate in the intestine to neutralize the acidic chyme

Question 9

Amino acids can be oxidized for energy by disposing of its ________ and donating its carbon skeleton to the TCA cycle or made into glucose in the liver.

Answer 9

nitrogen group

Question 10

True or false: The body does not need an adequate source of energy from dietary carbohydrate and fat to allow dietary protein to optimally serve in its important roles instead of being oxidized as an energy source

Answer 10

False

Question 11

Is bread a carbohydrate?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

A(n) ________ study follows the same research subjects with repeat testing over a period of time that often lasts weeks to years.

Answer 12

longitudinal study

Question 13

What dose of omega-3 supplement is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services?

Answer 13

up to 3 grams per day

Question 14

A triglyceride has how many fatty acids?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

There are ________ calories in every gram of fat.

Answer 15

9

Question 16

What is the backbone of triglycerides?

Answer 16

glycerol

Question 17

Lactose is ________ and contains ________

Answer 17

milk sugar; one glucose and one galactose

Question 18

True or false: Saturated fats provide a fluid structure, allowing nutrients to easily cross the cell membrane into the cell and allowing receptors in nerve cells to recognize neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

Answer 18

False

Question 19

A monosaccharide contains this many sugar molecules?

Answer 19

1

Question 20

Glycolysis is considered:

Answer 20

anaerobic in nature but can occur if oxygen is present

Question 21

True or false: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body, so dietary intake is necessary

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or false: Type 2 diabetics are referred to as being “insulin resistant.”

Answer 22

True

Question 23

When glucose is needed, ________ breaks down glycogen chains and liberates glucose

Answer 23

glycogenolysis

Question 24

You are looking for a personal trainer to help you make gains. How can you be sure that your personal trainer is certified by a professional organization?

Answer 24

Ask the personal trainer if he or she is certified through the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).

Question 25

True or false: ATP generation from glucose (glycolysis) is the slowest of all energy systems.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

________ is the study of the body's response to exercise from acute bouts to chronic adaptations with repeated activity and long-term training

Answer 26

Exercise physiology

Question 27

True or false: Soluble fiber has been shown to help decrease the absorption of cholesterol from food and may therefore help reduce blood cholesterol levels

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The simplest unit of a carbohydrate is called a?

Answer 28

Monosaccharide

Question 29

The process of breaking down fat for energy during exercise is called:

Answer 29

lipolysis

Question 30

________ is the amount of energy available to the body to perform all other functions after cost of exercise is subtracted

Answer 30

Energy availability

Question 31

What whole-grain product is the best choice for adequate fiber toward your needs for the day?

Answer 31

5 grams of fiber and 2 grams of sugar

Question 32

After absorption, free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipids are packaged into

Answer 32

chylomicrons

Question 33

True or false: Once carbohydrate reaches the stomach, the acidic environment destroys the salivary amylase.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Are water and minerals an organic or inorganic nutrient?

Answer 34

Inorganic

Question 35

When someone is sedentary, which substrate is primarily being used to create ATP?

Answer 35

Fat

Question 36

Which primary hormone that acts on the PANCREAS tells the body to perform glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to mobilize glucose because of low blood sugar)?

Answer 36

glucagon

Question 37

What is the primary purpose of the Dietary Guidelines?

Answer 37

to provide evidence-based nutrition guidelines for policymakers and nutrition and health professionals who then develop policy and educational programs for the public

Question 38

The average fiber intake in the United States is ________ the recommended amount

Answer 38

Under

Question 39

What is the storage form of fat?

Answer 39

triglycerides

Question 40

True or false: Soluble fibers are dissolvable in water; insoluble fibers are not dissolvable in water.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

When is the best time for an athlete to try to lose weight or fat?

Answer 41

During the off season

Question 42

Diabetics that exercise are at higher risk of:

Answer 42

hypoglycemia

Question 43

True or false: Milk is a great recovery drink for athletes because it replaces carbs and has protein.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or false: Aerobic fitness is linked to how long an athlete can rely on the aerobic system as intensity increases

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What are the common signs and symptoms of overtraining syndrome (OTS)?

Answer 45

performance decrease, fatigue, loss of skeletal muscle, reduced strength and endurance capacity, coordination loss, decrease in appetite and weight loss, anxiety, insomnia, depression

Question 46

The term that is used to describe reactions that require oxygen is ____________.

Answer 46

aerobic

Question 47

Absorption of intestinal glucose takes place with this type of transport____________

Answer 47

coupled transport (active)

Question 48

___________ serves as the major source of carbohydrate energy during exercise?

Answer 48

muscle glycogen

Question 49

The process called ____________ splits the triacylglycerol molecule into glycerol and three water-insoluble fatty acid molecules

Answer 49

lipolysis

Question 50

Active transport process requires the expenditure of cellular energy from ____________

Answer 50

ATP