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Evolutionary Biology > Exam One > Flashcards

Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

What were Plato’s ideas?

A

Ideal form

Allegory of the cave

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2
Q

What is the Allegory of the cave?

A

We do not really experience the real world, only an approximation of the ideal form
Leads to the idea that species are fixed

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3
Q

What were Aristotle’s ideas?

A

Strives to organize all living things

“Great Chain of being”

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4
Q

What is the Great Chain of Being?

A

Aristotle’s system of organization by intellect or complexity

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5
Q

What did Linnaeus do?

A

Created binomial nomenclature

Created a taxonomic scheme with nested clusters of similar species

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6
Q

What did Compte de Buffon (George Lous LeClerc) do?

A

Wrote Histoire Naturelle (biology encyclopedia)

Suggested evolutionary change (then denied it)

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7
Q

What did Buffon use for his basis of evolutionary change?

A 
Homology
Extinction
Variation in population
High reproductive rate
"struggle for existence"
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8
Q

What are Lamarck’s accomplishments?

A

First to separate phyla of soft bodied invertebrates
Coined words “invertebrates” and “biology”
Came us with the first real theory of how evolution works

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9
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1809)?

A

Animal type evolve up Scala Naturae
-Climb up the ladder
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
First real theory of how evolution works

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10
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1815)?

A

Animal types evolve to sides of ladder

Specialize and diversify

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11
Q

What was Lamarck’s evolutionary idea (1821)?

A

First to depict evolution with branching diagrams

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12
Q

How was George Cuvier beneficial?

A

Catastrophism

Correlation of parts

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13
Q

What is Catastrophism?

A

There have been a series of catastrophies that lead to all organisms becoming extinct. A new creation event then occurs
Based of observation of fossils being different in different rock layers

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14
Q

What is Cuvier’s idea of correlation of parts?

A

All organs are so interrelated that they could not handle change

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15
Q

How was Louis Agassiz beneficial?

A

Discovered evidence of continental glaceration
Opponent of evolution (last serious creationist)
Founder of museum of comparative zoology

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16
Q

What is ironic about Agassiz founding the museum of comparative zoology?

A

He was an opponent of evolution and the museum is now the major center for evolutionary theory

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17
Q

Who were the pros of evolutionary theory before darwin?

A

Linnaeus
Buffon
Lamarck

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18
Q

Who were the cons of evolutionary theory before darwin?

A

Cuvier

Agassiz

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19
Q

What did Hutton do?

A

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

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20
Q

What did Lyell do?

A

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually

Becomes known as uniformitarianism

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21
Q

What are Darwins two ideas?

A

Common descent

Natural Selection

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22
Q

What are Darwin’s postulates?

A
  1. There is variation among individuals
  2. Some of the variation is heritable
  3. Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing
  4. Reproduction is nonrandom
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23
Q

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

A

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major

Testing Darwin’s postulates

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24
Q

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

A

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Daphne Major

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25
Q

What did Hutton do?

A

Proposed idea that the earth is really old and has been gradually changing

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26
Q

What did Lyell do?

A

Worked towards the idea that the world changes gradually

Becomes known as uniformitarianism

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27
Q

What are Darwins two ideas?

A

Common descent

Natural Selection

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28
Q

What are Darwin’s postulates?

A
  1. There is variation among individuals
  2. Some of the variation is heritable
  3. Individuals very in their success at surviving and reproducing
  4. Reproduction is nonrandom
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29
Q

Who are Peter and Rosemary Grant?

A

Scientists who have been studying finches on Daphne Major

Testing Darwin’s postulates

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30
Q

Who are the two scientists who have been studying finches on the Galapagos islands and what island are they on?

A

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Daphne Major

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31
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

An inherited trait that makes an organism more fit in it’s environment and that has arisen through natural selection

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32
Q

What is fitness?

A

Relative reproductive success

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33
Q

What is exaptation?

A

A trait originally selected for one purpose but later used for another purpose

34
Q

What is an example of exaptation?

A

Feathers

They were originally used for insulation but were later used for flight and sexual display

35
Q

What is the concept of limits to selection?

A

Natural selection for a trait can become maxed out

Horses can not get faster because their legs can’t get thinner or longer without being able to support the horse

36
Q

How do new genes and new functions appear?

A

Gene sharing

Gene duplication

37
Q

What are phylogenic trees based on?

A

Evolutionary evidence

Organisms are classified based on evolutionary histores

38
Q

What are traits that can show relation between two organisms?

A 
Anatomical features
Developmental process
Behavior
Protein sequence
Nucleotide sequence
39
Q

What can be concluded of relationship based off nucleotide sequence?

A

The more differences, the longer ago they shared an ancestor

40
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a hypothesis about evolutionary evidence

41
Q

What is a node on a phylogenetic tree?

A

Hypothetical ancestor where a tree splits

42
Q

What is a clade on a phylogenetic tree?

A

A group of most similarly related species on a tree

43
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

All descendents of the groups most common ancestor and no other members

44
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

Contains the groups most common ancestor but not all of its descendents

45
Q

What are the three types of phylogenetic trees?

A

Rooted
Unrooted
Ladder

46
Q

What is a homologous trait?

A

Shared trait because the trait was inherited from a common ancestor

47
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

Trait derived from convergent evolution

Also called homoplasy

48
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

A shared trait derived from a common ancestor

49
Q

What is polytomy?

A

Branch on a phylogenetic tree splitting into three or more branches
Means there is uncertainty about evolutionary relationships

50
Q

What is sympleisomorphy?

A

Ancestral trait not shared by the two most closely related species

51
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

A group with a known distant evolutionary relationship to the taxa under investigation

52
Q

What is parsimony?

A

The best phylogeny explains the observed character data and requires the fewest evolutionary changes

53
Q

What are cladistic trees built off of?

A

Distance methods give a cladistic tree

54
Q

What are Mendal’s laws?

A

Law of segregation

Law of independent assortment

55
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Pairs of alleles segregate into separate gametes

56
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

Two different alleles are independent of each other

57
Q

What is transmission genetics?

A

The passing of genes from one generation to another

58
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Explains the order of command

DNA - mRNA - Protein

59
Q

What is the formation of mRNA from DNA called?

A

Transcription

60
Q

What is the formation of Proteins from mRNA called?

A

Translation

61
Q

What is the universal start codon?

A

Methanine

AUG

62
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

63
Q

What are the three stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

64
Q

What are introns?

A

Intervening sequence that is never to be expressed?

65
Q

When do introns get removed?

A

During RNA processing

Cap and tail are also added at this step

66
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Some exons are removed with the introns

Multiple proteins are made fro one gene

67
Q

What is the protionome?

A

Amount of proteins one has

68
Q

What are psuedogenes?

A

Look like genes but they are never expressed

69
Q

What causes variation and mutation?

A 
Genetic variability and recombination
Crossing over
Point mutations
Transitions
Transversions
70
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Parts of gametes get switched so the alleles are mixed

71
Q

What are point mutations?

A

Change one nucleotide

72
Q

What are transitions?

A

Change one pyrimidine to another pyrimidine or a purine to a purine

73
Q

What are transversions?

A

Change a pyrimidine to a purine or vice versa

74
Q

What are the different types of point mutations?

A

Silent
Nonsense
Mussesne

75
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Still codes for the same amino acid

76
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Produces a stop codon

77
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Changes the amino acid

78
Q

What are the two types of missense mutations?

A

Conservative - Doesn’t change protein structure drastically

Non-conservative - drastically changes protein structure

79
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

Extra nucleotide gets added or is removed

80
Q

What are the chromosomsal abberations?

A

Deletions
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

81
Q

What experiment was done with amoebas to prove that mutations are random?

A

Luria-Delbruck experiment

Evolutionary Biology (3 decks)

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