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exam one Flashcards

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1
Q

biological psychology

A

the applications of the principles of biology to the study of psychology

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2
Q

what are the four biological explanations of behavior

A

physiological

ontogenetic

evolutionary

functional

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3
Q

what are the basic elements for connectivity in the brain

A

neurons

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4
Q

reductionism

A

an approach to understanding based upon reducing the nature of complex things to their interactions or more fundamental parts

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5
Q

emergentism

A

a different idea that a property of a system is more than the sum of properties of its individual parts

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6
Q

localization theory

A

different parts of the brain serve different functions

structures which look different have different functions

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7
Q

holism

A

brain function is not localized; instead function is distributed more homogenously throughout

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8
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

spinal nerves contain only afferent or sensory fibers and that the ventral roots carry only efferent or motor ones

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9
Q

broca’s area??

A

language center

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10
Q

the nervous system is comprised of two kinds of cells

A

neurons and glia

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11
Q

what are the structures of a neuron

A

plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

saccharides/sugars

A

important for metabolism and energy for the cell

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13
Q

amino acids/peptides

A

make up proteins, which are chains of peptides

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14
Q

nucleic acids

A

form the basis for DNA and RNA

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15
Q

lipids

A

form membrane structures

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16
Q

nucleus

A

a structure that contains the chromosomes, which are made up of DNA

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

cluster of proteins and nucleic acids

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18
Q

all copying of DNA is

A

complementary

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19
Q

mitochondrion

A

structure that performs metabolic activities and provides energy required for cell function

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20
Q

ribosomes

A

sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

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21
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of thin membrane-bound tubules

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22
Q

smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A

synthesized lipids, metabolism, attaches receptors to membrane, calcium regulation

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23
Q

rough ER

A

contains ribosomes; synthesizes protiens

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

processes proteins and lipids, usually for packaging into vesicles for secretion; release out of the cell

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25
sensory neuron
specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound)
26
motor neuron
has its soma in the spinal cord and receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle
27
afferent axon
refers to bringing information into a structure
28
efferent axon
refers to carrying info away from a structure
29
interneurons
whose dendrites and axons are completely contained within a single structure
30
a subtype of glia are astrocytes, they...
provide nutrients to neurons maintain extracellular ion balance principal role in repair and scarring process of brain and spinal cord following traumatic injury
31
radial glia
guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during brain development and occasionally during adulthood
32
blood brain barrier BBB
the separation between circulating blood and the surrounding extracellular fluid in the brain
33
neurotransmitters
the chemicals that mediate communications at synapses
34
neurotransmitters bind to receptors in the
postsynaptic neuron
35
peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
36
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
37
gray matter
located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
38
white matter
composed mostly of myelinated axons that carries info from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord
39
what is the spinal cord comprised of
dorsal root ganglion ganglion tracts
40
dorsal root ganglion
brings info in into the cns via the dorsal horn
41
ganglion
bunches of neuronal cell bodies all together outside the cns
42
tracts
clumps of axons
43
ganglion is to ____ as nucleus is to ___
PNS and CNS
44
somatic nervous system
consists of axons conveying messages from the sensory organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles
45
autonomic nervous system
sends and recieves messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body
46
2 subsystems of the ANS
sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS
47
ANS
maintains homeostasis
48
sympathetic nervous system
network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity *increases heart rate, blood pressure etc.
49
parasympathetic nervous system
facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses
50
central canal
a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
51
ventricles
four fluid filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid
52
cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid in the brain and spinal cord provides cushioning for the brain
53
meninges
are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
54
dorsal
towards the back, away from the stomach side
55
ventral
towards the stomach, away from the back side
56
anterior
towards the front end
57
posterior
towards the rear end
58
superior
above another part
59
inferior
below another part
60
lateral
towards the side, away from the midline
61
medial
towards the midline, away from the side
62
proximal
located close to the point of origin or attachment
63
distal
located more distant from the point of origin or attachment
64
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
65
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
66
coronal plane
a plane that shows the brain structures as seen from the front
67
sagittal plane
a plane that shows the brains structures as seen from the side
68
horizontal plan
shows brain structures as seen from above
69
3 major division of the brain
hindbrain midbrain forebrain
70
hindbrain
includes the pons and medulla responsible for breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing (vital reflexes)
71
cranial nerves
allow the medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head and eyes, and some parasympathetic outputs to the organs
72
cranial nerve I
olfactory, smell
73
cranial nerve II
optic vision
74
cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear inner ear
75
cranial nerve X
vagus nerve, info from internal organs
76
cerebellum
a structure located in the hindbrain helps regulate motor movement, balance and coordination also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
77
superior colliculi
orienting to visual stimuli
78
inferior colliculi
orientating to auditory stimuli
79
hypothalamus
in forebrain conveys messages to the pituitary gland to control the release of hormones associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, reproduction, and other motivated behaviors
80
pituitary gland
hormone producing gland found at the base of, and controlled by, the hypothalamus
81
thalamus
relay station for the sensory afferents and the cerebral cortex important in consciousness
82
3 parts of the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
83
limbic system
consists of a number of interlinked structures includes the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
84
hippocampus
critical for storing certain types of memory
85
amygdala
large structure located in the base of the temporal lobe that is implicated in the expression of certain types of emotion
86
neocortex
contains six distinct layers that are parallel to the surface of the cortex
87
allocortex
type of cortex that have fewer than 6 layers
88
occipital lobe
visual processing
89
parietal lobe
somatosensory
90
temporal lobe
language, memory, hearing
91
frontal lobe
motor processing, complex cognitive functions
92
prefrontal cortex
responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning working memory
93
action potentials
electrical signal conveyed down the axon
94
axon hillock
part of the cell body where ap is initiated
95
neurotransmitter
chemical mediators between synapses
96
resting potential
allows the neuron to make more dynamic responses
97
anions
neg ions that have lost electrons
98
cations
positive ions that have gained electrons
99
sodium potassium pump
3 NA out for ever 2 K in
100
action potential
a rapid depolarization of the neuron
101
refractory period
time during which the neuron resists the production of another action potential
102
GABA
primary fast inhibitory NT
103
glutamate
primary fast excitatory NT
104
serotonin
monoamine NT
105
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
catecholamines
106
acetylcholine
important NT
107
2 classes of receptors
ionotropic and metabotropic
108
ionotropic
responsible for fast EPSPs and IPSPs
109
metabotropic
activate G proteins and usually called GPCRs slow receptors
110
G protein
one that is coupled to GTP, an energy storing molecule
111
affinity
how well a drug binds to a receptor
112
efficacy
how well a drug activates a receptor
113
agonist
drug that activates a receptor
114
antagonist
drug that blocks receptor activity

bio exam 1 (1 decks)

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