exam one 5

Question 1

Motivation:

Answer 1

the direction and intensity of effort (Sage, 1977)

Question 2

Direction:

Answer 2

what you seek out, want, or desire

Question 3

Intensity:

Answer 3

how much effort you put forth in a situation

Question 4

Stages of Development
1. Autonomous Competence Stage –

Answer 4

motivated to learn on your own (internal)

Question 5

Stages of Development

2. Social Comparison Stage –

Answer 5

motivated to beat or compete with others (external)

Question 6

Stages of Development

3. Integrated Stage –

Answer 6

balance of both self and social (internal + external)

Question 7

Intrinsic Motivation –

Answer 7

behaviors driven by internal rewards
– Internal enjoyment
– Fun = purpose of the activity
– Feel no pressure
– Allows for building of competence
– Provides autonomy (control)
– Usually leads to best performance

Question 8

Extrinsic Motivation –

Answer 8

behaviors driven by external rewards
– Not motivated just about fun/enjoyment
– Beating Others: Adam Kennedy opposing dugout
– Parental pressure
– Financial pressure: being paid can impact IM
– Extrinsic rewards (Ex. Kids baseball story)
Amotivation – unmotivated or “don’t care”

Question 9

Extrinsic Rewards

Answer 9

–Money/material items
–Scholarships
–Contracts
–Fame & Attention
–Championships
–Award

Question 10

Achievement Motivation (autonomous; self-comparison):

Answer 10

• Task orientation: efforts to master a task
• achieve excellence
• overcome obstacles
• take pride in talent (Murray, 1938)
• persist in the face of failure
• experience pride in accomplishments

Question 11

Trait-centered view -

Answer 11

Behavior depends on characteristics, personality, and goals

Question 12

Situation-centered view -

Answer 12

Behavior a product of the situation
(Ex. Work hard in sport but not in class)

Question 13

Interactional view -

Answer 13

consider how person and situation interact

Question 14

Task Orientation (Mastery)

Answer 14

• Focuses on skill improvement
• Improve past performances (intrinsic + performance goal)
• In own control
• “About getting better.”
• Work ethic and repetitions
• Mastery of fundamentals of your craft

Question 15

Strengths:

Answer 15

reduces importance of winning/losing (not scared to fail)

Question 16

Weaknesses:

Answer 16

can’t always measure your success level

Question 17

Outcome Orientation (Ego)

Answer 17

• Performance against others (extrinsic)
• Wanting to reach highest levels
• Awards
• Championships
• Statistics
  Strengths: Can measure results + brings out competitiveness
  Weaknesses: only concern winning/losing (focus out of control

Question 18

Entitlement (Fixed Mindset):

Answer 18

outcome - fixed ability and unable to change with effort

Question 19

Incremental (Growth Mindset):

Answer 19

process -task focus changing ability through hard work and effort

Question 20

Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000):

Answer 20

3 human innate needs/motives:
1. Competence - knowledge; mastery of skill
2. Relatedness - relationships with others
3. Autonomy - in control of self and future

Question 21

Cognitive Evaluation Theory -

Answer 21

factors that influence intrinsic motivation

Controlling aspects: Rewards perceived controlling = –IM Rewards contribute to SDT = +IM

Informational aspects: Rewards + perceived competence = +IM

Question 22

Personality Factors

Answer 22

High achievers  high motivation to achieve success
Low achievers  high motivation to avoid failure

Question 23

Achievement Behavior

Answer 23

High achievers  select challenging tasks, medium risks, perform better under evaluation
Low achievers  avoid risk, perform worse when being evaluated, avoid challenging tasks

Question 24

Resultant Tendencies

Answer 24

High achievers  seek out challenges of equal abilities
Low achievers  seek low (success certain) or high level opponents (failure certain)

Question 25

Situational Factors

Answer 25

High achievers  50/50 chance offers most incentive
Low achievers  Loss to evenly matched opponent

Question 26

Emotional Reactions

Answer 26

High achievers  focus on pride
Low achievers  focus on shame

Question 27

Attribution Theory: how to explain your successes and failures

Answer 27

. Stable  your talent
* Unstable  luck
* Internal  great effort last 50 meters
* External  easy opponents
* In Control  your game plan
* Out of Control  poor opponents