Exam one review Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Deviance
A
Deviant from behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from society’s ideas about proper functioning
2
Q
Distress
A
Behaviors, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal
3
Q
Dysfunction
A
Interferes with daily functions
4
Q
Danger
A
Abnormal behavior may become dangerous to oneself or others
5
Q
Limitations of four Ds
A
Criteria tends to be vague with no clear cut definition
6
Q
Trephination
A
Involves using a stone instrument to cut away a circular section of the skull during Renaissance
7
Q
Hippocrates explanation for abnormal behaviors
A
Imbalance of four fluids in the body (especially yellow and black)
8
Q
Excess of yellow bile
A
Mania
9
Q
Excess of black bile
A
Melancholia
10
Q
Reform and moral treatment movement in 19th century
A
- Asylum in Paris for male patient began reform
- Spread of moral treatment
11
Q
Factors that led to reversal of the moral treatment movement
A
- Money and staffing shortages
- Less public interest
12
Q
Somatogenic perspective
A
abnormal functioning has physical causes
13
Q
Psychogenic perspective
A
abnormal functioning has psychological causes
14
Q
Eugenics
A
study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities
15
Q
Three essential features of treatment
A
- Sufferer
- Trained healer
- Series of contacts between sufferer and healer
16
Q
Lycanthropy
A
when people thought others were possessed by wolves or other animals
17
Q
Id
A
part of mind that generates all the pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animal impulses
18
Q
Superego
A
part of mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions (especially conscience)
19
Q
Ego
A
mediator, makes compromises between id and superego; defense mechanisms protect us from anxiety
20
Q
Key features of behavioral model
A
- our actions are determined by life experiences
- concentrates on behaviors and environmental factors
- based explanations on principles of learning
21
Q
Modeling
A
learn responses by observing and repeating behaviors
22
Q
Operant conditioning
A
behave in certain ways as a result of receiving rewards when they do so
23
Q
Classical conditioning
A
learning by temporal association
24
Q
Key features of biological model
A
- main focus is that psychological abnormality is an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
- adopts medical perspective
- assumes that best treatments are biologically based
25
Biological treatments
- psychotropic medication
- electroconvulsive therapy
- psychosurgery/neurosurgery
26
Key features of cognitive model
- actions are determined by life experiences
- concentrates on behaviors and environmental factors
- based explanations on principles of learning
27
Key features of humanistic-existential model
emphasizes people are friendly as well as their self-determination and authenticity
- self-actualization
- basic need for unconditional positive regard
- humanists more optimistic
28
Conditions of worth
standards that make one lovable and acceptable when conformed to
29
Key features of sociocultural model
- Abnormal behavior is best understood in social and cultural contexts
- Social environments impact on mental health
30
Diathesis-stress model of abnormality
- Diathesis = predisposition
- Disorder develops with predisposition and develops when exposed to stressor
31
Developmental psychopathology approach
Approach to the study of the intersection between adaptation and maladaptation that employees multiple levels of analyses to examine interacting and dynamic influences
32
Gender ratio for anxiety disorders
- GAD: women diagnosed 2x more
- Specific phobias: women diagnosed 2x more
- Agoraphobia: women diagnosed 2x more
- Panic disorder: women diagnosed 2x more
- Social anxiety disorder: 60% affected are women
- OCD: equal
33
GAD symptoms/characteristics
- Excessive anxiety and worry about a number of things
- 6 months in duration
34
Cognitive explanation for GAD
- Caused by maladaptive assumptions
- Albert Ellis: awful when things are not the way people want them
- Aaron Beck: those with GAD hold assumptions that imply imminent danger
35
Cognitive treatments for GAD
- Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy (RET) – point out irrational assumptions and suggest appropriate solutions, assign related homework
- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy – focus on changing client’s relationship to thoughts, acceptance being key
36
Metacognitive worry
suggests meta-worry is problematic assumptions in those with GAD
37
Sociocultural perspective on GAD
- Most likely to develop in people faced with dangerous social conditions
- Poverty powerful form of societal stress
- Higher GAD rates in lower SES
38
Specific phobias symptoms/characteristics
(1) intense and persistent (2) desire to avoid object/situation (3) distress that interferes with functioning
39
Specific phobia treatment
- Exposure therapies: desensitization, flooding, modeling
- Systematic desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)
- Teach relaxation
- Create fear hierarchy
40
Behavioral explanation for specific phobias
- Develops through conditioning
- Once fears are acquired, individuals avoid fear and allow it to become more entrenched
- Modeling
41
Agoraphobia symptoms/characteristics
Marked/fear or anxiety about 2 or more of following:
- Public transport use
- Being in open spaces
- Being in enclosed spaces
- Standing in line/crowds
- Being outside of home alone
42
Agoraphobia explanation
conditioning and modeling
43
Agoraphobia treatment
- CBT with an exposure approach is most effective and common
- Support groups and home-based self-progress
44
Panic attack
- Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, peak and pass (20-30 min)
- Suffers often fear of dying, losing control
- Happen in absence of a real threat
45
Panic disorder symptoms/characteristics
One panic attack followed by one month of...
- worry about additional panic attacks
- significant maladaptive change in behavior related to attacks
46
Cognitive explanations of panic disorder
- Misinterpreting bodily sensations
- Anxiety sensitivity
47
Panic disorder treatment
- CBT – correcting people’s misinterpretations of bodily sensations
- Teaching coping and relaxation skills
- Make more logical interpretations of biological sensations
48
Social anxiety disorder symptoms/characteristics
Severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social/performance situation in which scrutiny is possible
6 months+
49
Narrow presentation of social anxiety
talking, eating, writing in public
50
Broad presentation of social anxiety
general fear of functioning poorly in front of others
51
Safety behaviors in social anxiety
disguising anxiety symptoms
52
Social anxiety disorder explanations
Cognitive-beh theory
- Unrealistically high explanations for self
- View self as socially unattractive
53
OCD symptoms/characteristics
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
54
Obsessions
persistent thoughts, urges, imagines (intrusive and unwanted)
55
Compulsions
repetitive behaviors of mental acts that individual feels driven to perform in response to obsession
56
Common themes of obsessions
Dirt/contamination, violence/aggression, orderliness, religion, sexuality
57
Common themes of compulsions
Cleaning, checking, order/balance, touching, verbal, counting
58
Explanations for OCD
Those with OCD catastrophize intrusive thoughts
With neutralizing action it reduces anxiety, and reinforces the behavior
High conduct and morality standards
Thought-action fusion – believe thoughts equal actions
59
OCD treatment
- Exposure and response prevention
- Exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli and then told to resist compulsions
60
Hoarding disorder
- extreme accumulation of items and clutter
- distress if forced to discard items
61
Hair pulling disorder (trichotillomania)
repeatedly pull out hair from body, often triggered by stress
62
Excoriation disorder
picking at skin resulting in significant wounds, particularly on face
63
Body dysmorphic disorder
- preoccupied with belief that they have flaw or defect in physical appearance
- body checking
- around 50% get plastic surgery
64
Stressor
event that creates demands
65
Stress response
influenced reaction to the demands
66
Psychological stress disorder symptoms/characteristics
- Reexperiencing traumatic event (via nightmares and flashbacks)
- Avoidance (of trauma-related thoughts/feelings)
- Reduced responsiveness (diminished interest in activities, feeling alienated, inability to experience positive emotions)
- Increased arousal, negative emotions, guilt (negative alterations in cognition)
67
PTSD onset/duration
- symptoms any time after event
- last longer than one month
68
Acute stress disorder onsent/duration
- symptoms within 4 weeks of event
- symptoms for less than 1 month
69
Demographic differences in PTSD
- Women more likely (20% W, 8% M)
- lower SES 2x more likely
70
Biological factors in stress disorder dev
- Brain’s stress circuit (hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex)
- Predisposition to abnormal biochemical stress reactions
71
Other factors in stress disorder dev
- Coping style
- Childhood experiences
- Social support
- Severity of trauma
72
Psychological stress disorder treatment
- Drug therapy (antidepressants usually)
- CBT: Examining maladaptive attitudes and styles of interpretations they have as a result of trauma
- prolonged exposure in PTSD
73
Psychological debriefing
crisis intervention that has victims of trauma talk about feelings and reactions
74
Four stages of psychological debriefing
(1) normalize responses
(2) encourage expressions of anxiety, anger, frustration
(3) teach stress management
(4) provide referrals (if necessary)
75
Corticosteroids
A group of stress hormones that travel to various body organs, where they further produce arousal and fear reactions
