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EXAM PRACTICE QUALITY Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

What is health care quality?

A

Health care quality refers to the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.

Key principles guiding quality improvement efforts include patient safety, effectiveness, patient-centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, and equity.

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2
Q

What are the key principles that guide quality improvement efforts in a health system?

A
  • Patient safety
  • Effectiveness
  • Patient-centeredness
  • Timeliness
  • Efficiency
  • Equity

These principles help ensure that health care services are delivered in a manner that maximizes patient outcomes and minimizes risks.

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3
Q

What are the major dimensions of patient satisfaction?

A
  • Communication
  • Wait times
  • Staff attitude
  • Cleanliness
  • Overall experience

These dimensions are critical for assessing health care quality and determining areas for improvement.

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4
Q

What are the three components of the Donabedian Model?

A
  • Structure
  • Process
  • Outcome

These components interrelate to assess and improve the quality of care: structure refers to the setting of care, process refers to the methods of care delivery, and outcome refers to the results of care.

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5
Q

How does Total Quality Management (TQM) differ from Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) in health care?

A
  • TQM focuses on overall organizational quality management
  • CQI emphasizes ongoing, incremental improvements

TQM is more comprehensive and seeks to involve all members of an organization, while CQI focuses on specific processes and continuous enhancement.

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6
Q

What is patient-centered care?

A

Patient-centered care is a healthcare approach that places the individual needs, values, and preferences of patients at the core of all clinical decisions and care processes.

This approach includes treating patients with dignity and respect, ensuring active participation in healthcare decisions, and considering emotional, social, and physical needs.

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7
Q

List the key principles of patient-centered care.

A
  • Respect for patient values, preferences, and needs
  • Coordination and integration of care
  • Clear information, education, and support
  • Emotional support and empathy
  • Involvement of family and friends
  • Continuity and smooth transitions of care
  • Timely and reliable access to care

These principles enhance the quality of care and improve patient outcomes.

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8
Q

What role does patient-centered care play in quality improvement?

A
  • Improved health outcomes
  • Higher patient satisfaction
  • Reduced errors and readmissions
  • Empowerment and engagement
  • System efficiency

By focusing on patient perspectives, healthcare systems can achieve significant improvements in overall quality.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The PDSA model stands for _______.

A

[Plan-Do-Study-Act]

This model is a systematic series of steps for continuous improvement in quality management.

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10
Q

Identify challenges a hospital may face when implementing a quality improvement initiative.

A
  • Limited resources
  • Staff resistance to change
  • Inadequate data collection systems
  • High workload

Addressing these challenges is essential for the successful implementation of quality improvement initiatives.

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11
Q

What indicators would you use to measure the success of patient-centered maternity care interventions?

A
  • Proportion of women reporting respectful care
  • Proportion of women reporting mistreatment
  • Proportion of women reporting adequate privacy
  • Proportion of women involved in decision-making
  • Proportion of women receiving supportive care
  • Availability of clean, private spaces

These indicators help assess the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving maternity care.

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12
Q

What is the Quality Assurance (QA) Triangle?

A

The QA Triangle is a conceptual model illustrating the synergy between three core components: defining quality, measuring quality, and improving quality.

These components are essential for effective quality assurance in health care.

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13
Q

Differentiate between process measures and outcome measures in health care quality assessment.

A
  • Process Measures: Track whether specific steps in care delivery are performed (e.g., hand hygiene compliance)
  • Outcome Measures: Assess the end results of care (e.g., mortality rates after surgery)

Understanding these distinctions is critical for evaluating care quality.

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14
Q

What are process measures in health care quality assessment?

A

Track whether specific steps or actions in care delivery are performed as intended

Examples include hand hygiene compliance rates among staff and completion of risk assessments.

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15
Q

What are outcome measures in health care quality assessment?

A

Assess the end results of care, reflecting the impact on patients’ health

Examples include mortality rates after surgery and hospital-acquired infection rates.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of process measures in health care?

A

Ensure adherence to best practices and protocols.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of outcome measures in health care?

A

Evaluate if care leads to desired health improvements or changes.

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18
Q

Name one example of a process measure.

A

Percentage of patients who received recommended preventive screenings.

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19
Q

Name one example of an outcome measure.

A

Mortality rates after surgery.

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20
Q

What are Ishikawa diagrams also known as?

A

Fishbone diagrams.

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21
Q

What is the role of Ishikawa diagrams in quality improvement?

A

Systematically identify and visualize the root causes of quality-related problems.

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22
Q

What is one key role of cause-and-effect diagrams?

A

Root cause analysis.

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23
Q

How do Ishikawa diagrams encourage teamwork?

A

They facilitate structured brainstorming among multidisciplinary teams.

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24
Q

What is a benefit of visualizing relationships in Ishikawa diagrams?

A

Clarifies relationships between causes and effects.

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25
What is the significance of institutionalizing quality assurance (QA) in health care?
Ensures that quality improvement initiatives become a permanent part of the organization.
26
Why is supportive leadership important for QA?
It is necessary for the initiation, growth, and continuity of QA activities.
27
What does a cultural shift in institutionalizing QA foster?
A culture of quality where staff take ownership and are motivated to continuously improve care.
28
What is a key benefit of systems modeling in health care?
Holistic understanding of interdependencies within health care systems.
29
What does systems modeling help identify?
Bottlenecks in processes and workflows.
30
What is a benefit of simulating changes in systems modeling?
Reduces risks and costs associated with trial-and-error approaches.
31
What is the primary goal of performance-based indicators in health care?
Measure health care quality.
32
What is an example of a performance-based indicator?
Patient satisfaction.
33
What is a potential challenge in implementing quality improvement programs?
Resistance to change from staff.
34
What is one strategy to address challenges in implementing QIPs?
Engage staff in the planning process.
35
What is the purpose of Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in health care?
Identifying underlying causes of problems and errors.
36
What is a key principle of Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
37
What is the first step in the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle?
Planning the change.
38
Which model categorizes health care quality into structure, process, and outcome?
Donabedian Model.
39
True or False: Cost-effectiveness is a core dimension of patient-centered care.
False.
40
What is a key characteristic of a High-Reliability Organization (HRO) in health care?
Focus on safety and minimizing errors ## Footnote HROs prioritize safety, continuously learn from errors, and maintain a culture of reliability.
41
Which type of error occurs when a health care worker does NOT follow proper procedures?
Human error ## Footnote Human errors occur due to failure to follow proper protocols, often preventable through training and standardized procedures.
42
Which of the following would be considered a process measure in quality improvement?
Adherence to clinical guidelines by providers ## Footnote Process measures assess health care delivery methods, such as provider adherence to clinical protocols.
43
Which of the following is a common barrier to implementing quality improvement initiatives in health care?
All of the above ## Footnote QI efforts often fail due to multiple barriers, including leadership resistance, lack of resources, and resistance to change.
44
Which of the following best describes the Six Sigma methodology in health care?
A data-driven approach for reducing errors and improving efficiency ## Footnote Six Sigma focuses on error reduction, process efficiency, and improving patient outcomes through a data-driven approach.
45
What organization developed the Safe Surgery Checklist to improve patient safety?
World Health Organization (WHO) ## Footnote The WHO Safe Surgery Checklist reduces surgical errors and complications globally.
46
What is the main purpose of benchmarking in health care quality improvement?
To compare performance against best practices and industry standards ## Footnote Benchmarking identifies performance gaps and helps health care facilities improve by learning from best practices.
47
Which of the following is an ethical concern in health care quality improvement?
Informed consent in quality improvement studies ## Footnote Ethical QI practices require informed consent when collecting patient data for research or process improvements.
48
Which of these is NOT a method used to measure patient satisfaction?
Medical error reports ## Footnote Medical error reports track safety incidents, not patient satisfaction.
49
Which factor is most likely to contribute to sustainable quality improvement in a hospital?
Strong leadership and staff engagement ## Footnote QI efforts succeed when leadership supports improvement, engages staff, and fosters a culture of continuous learning.
50
What is a key principle of the Quality Assurance (QA) approach?
Defining, improving, and measuring quality ## Footnote The QA Triangle focuses on defining, improving, and measuring health care quality to ensure consistent patient safety and outcomes.
51
Which of the following is NOT a core step in the Quality Improvement (QI) process?
Ignoring performance data ## Footnote QI relies on performance data to track progress and ensure effectiveness. Ignoring data undermines improvement efforts.
52
What is the primary goal of the Lean methodology in health care?
Eliminating waste and improving efficiency ## Footnote Lean aims to eliminate waste (e.g., unnecessary procedures, long wait times) while maintaining or improving quality.
53
Which statistical tool is used to identify the root causes of a problem in health care quality?
Fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram ## Footnote Fishbone diagrams help identify underlying factors contributing to quality issues.
54
Which of the following is an essential feature of a High-Reliability Organization (HRO)?
Commitment to zero harm ## Footnote HROs prioritize patient safety, continuous learning, and resilience to prevent catastrophic failures.
55
What is the purpose of a Pareto chart in quality improvement?
Identifying the most frequent causes of a problem ## Footnote A Pareto chart helps prioritize quality issues by showing which factors contribute the most to a problem.
56
Which quality improvement approach is most effective for reducing medical errors?
Six Sigma ## Footnote Six Sigma minimizes process variation and defects, making it effective for reducing medical errors.
57
What is the primary goal of performance-based financing (PBF) in health care?
Rewarding providers for achieving quality benchmarks ## Footnote PBF links funding to quality indicators, ensuring health facilities improve patient outcomes.
58
Which of the following best describes 'failure mode and effects analysis' (FMEA)?
A method to predict and prevent system failures ## Footnote FMEA is a proactive tool used to identify potential failures before they occur and develop preventive strategies.
59
Which method is best for visualizing process inefficiencies in a hospital system?
Process flowchart ## Footnote Process flowcharts illustrate workflow inefficiencies and areas for improvement in health care settings.
60
What does a run chart primarily measure in health care quality improvement?
Trends and variations in a process over time ## Footnote Run charts track performance trends to monitor improvements.
61
Which tool is most effective in identifying relationships between two variables in quality improvement?
Scatter plot ## Footnote Scatter plots analyze correlations, helping identify relationships between variables.
62
Which of the following is a key component of the 'Plan' phase in PDSA?
Identifying an improvement goal ## Footnote The Plan phase sets the goal, strategy, and expected outcome before testing an improvement.
63
Which of the following is an example of a process measure in quality improvement?
Hand hygiene compliance ## Footnote Process measures track whether health care providers follow best practices.
64
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to quality improvement?
Leadership commitment ## Footnote Strong leadership commitment facilitates QI efforts, while the other factors hinder progress.
65
What is a key benefit of forming a multidisciplinary Quality Improvement (QI) team?
It allows diverse expertise to address quality issues ## Footnote Multidisciplinary QI teams bring together professionals from various fields to develop holistic quality improvement strategies.
66
What is the primary purpose of a control chart in quality improvement?
To analyze variations in a process over time ## Footnote Control charts help monitor variations in processes and determine if changes result in improvements or errors.
67
Which of the following is an example of a structural measure in health care quality?
Availability of electronic medical records ## Footnote Structural measures assess facility resources, such as staffing, equipment, and infrastructure.
68
Which of the following is the most effective strategy for sustaining quality improvement efforts?
Embedding quality improvement into organizational culture ## Footnote Sustained QI requires cultural transformation, where all staff are engaged in ongoing quality improvement initiatives.
69
Which of the following statements about Six Sigma is true?
It aims to achieve near-zero defects in processes ## Footnote Six Sigma focuses on reducing process variation and achieving high efficiency with minimal errors.
70
Which of the following would be the best indicator for measuring efficiency in a hospital?
Average patient wait time ## Footnote Efficiency indicators measure how well resources are utilized—wait time reflects workflow efficiency.
71
Which factor is most likely to contribute to successful implementation of a quality improvement project?
Regular feedback and staff involvement ## Footnote Engaging staff and seeking continuous feedback ensure better implementation and acceptance of QI projects.
72
Which tool is most useful for prioritizing health care quality issues based on their impact?
Pareto chart ## Footnote The Pareto chart helps focus on the most significant problems, based on the 80/20 rule.
73
Which of the following is NOT a core principle of the Lean methodology?
Increasing redundancy ## Footnote Lean aims to eliminate redundancy and streamline processes to maximize value for patients.
74
Why is a 'balanced scorecard' useful in health care quality improvement?
It provides a comprehensive view of performance across multiple dimensions ## Footnote The balanced scorecard is a multi-dimensional framework that includes financial, operational, patient-centered, and learning perspectives for hospital performance.
75
What is a multi-dimensional framework for hospital performance?
card includes financial, operational, patient-centered, and learning perspectives ## Footnote This framework helps assess various aspects of hospital performance.
76
What are the quality improvement methodologies mentioned?
QA, CQI, Six Sigma, Lean ## Footnote These methodologies aim to enhance health care quality.
77
What QI tools and techniques are used for quality improvement?
Fishbone, Pareto, Control Charts, Flowcharts ## Footnote These tools help identify and analyze quality issues.
78
What are the measures of quality in health care?
Structural, process, and outcome measures ## Footnote These measures help evaluate the quality of health care services.
79
What is the role of performance-based financing in health care?
It links funding to performance metrics ## Footnote This approach aims to improve efficiency and quality in health care.
80
Which of the following best defines performance-based indicators in health care?
Measures that assess the efficiency and effectiveness of health care services ## Footnote These indicators help improve health outcomes.
81
Which of the following is an example of an outcome measure in health care?
Patient mortality rate ## Footnote Outcome measures assess the final impact of care.
82
What type of cost includes expenses that are difficult to quantify but impact quality?
Indirect costs ## Footnote Indirect costs affect health care quality but are hard to measure financially.
83
How can a hospital reduce costs while maintaining high quality?
Implementing Lean strategies to reduce waste ## Footnote Lean methodology focuses on improving quality by eliminating inefficiencies.
84
What best describes 'value-based health care'?
A system where reimbursement is linked to patient outcomes ## Footnote This model emphasizes quality over service volume.
85
What is a key challenge in measuring health care performance?
Lack of standardized metrics ## Footnote Inconsistent data collection hinders performance measurement.
86
What is a key advantage of using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in health care?
They help track progress toward strategic quality goals ## Footnote KPIs ensure hospitals align with quality and efficiency objectives.
87
Which statistical tool is best suited for monitoring trends in patient readmission rates over time?
Run chart ## Footnote Run charts help assess whether interventions lead to sustained improvements.
88
What is a major risk of performance-based financing (PBF)?
May lead to data manipulation to secure funding ## Footnote PBF can incentivize manipulation or gaming of data.
89
What would be a financial indicator of health care quality?
Length of hospital stay ## Footnote Length of stay impacts costs and indicates treatment efficiency.
90
Which metric would best measure hospital efficiency?
Bed occupancy rate ## Footnote This metric reflects how efficiently hospital resources are utilized.
91
What best describes the term 'cost-effectiveness' in health care?
The best possible outcome at the lowest cost ## Footnote Cost-effectiveness aims for high-quality outcomes with minimal expenditure.
92
What is an example of a structural measure of quality?
Number of available MRI machines ## Footnote Structural measures assess hospital resources and infrastructure.

Quality (2 decks)

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