Exam Prep Flashcards by Amber D

Which of the following is not one of the expected social consequences of climate change?

a.
Forced migration of “environmental refugees”.

b.
Increases in interpersonal violence, intergroup conflict, and civil wars.

c.
Reduced worker productivity due to heat stress.

d.
All of the above are expected social consequences of climate change.

D all of the above are expected social consequences of climate change

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The maximum population size a habitat can support is its __________.

a.
carrying capacity

b.
bio-boundary

c.
ecological limit

d.
population threshold

A carrying capacity

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About how much of the edible food supply is wasted worldwide?

a.
30%

b.
23%

c.
13%

d.
3%

A) 30%

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Carbon sequestration refers to __________.

a.
the removal and storage of atmospheric CO2

b.
the implementation of governmental regulations on carbon emissions

c.
the natural process that causes global warming

d.
a reduction in the production of greenhouse gases

A) the removal and storage of atmospheric c02

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Which of the following is false about recycling of “e-waste”?

a.
Recycling lessens the environmental impact from toxic metal components being buried or burned.

b.
Much of the e-waste collected for recycling is exported to developing countries to be disassembled by impoverished workers under unregulated conditions.

c.
Currently, about half of discarded electronnics are recycled.

d.
Recycling reduces the demand for energy to mine and manufacture virgin materials.

C)
Currently, about half of discarded electronnics are recycled

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How has the rate of material consumption in the industrialized world changed during the past century?

a.
It has increased somewhat.

b.
It has increased dramatically.

c.
It has decreased somewhat.

d.
It has remained steady.

B) It has increased dramatically.

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To label a problem “anthropogenic” is to suggest it is __________.

a.
about humans rather than nature

b.
caused by humans

c.
specific only to humans

d.
irrelevant to humans

B) caused by humans

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When it comes to estimating how many humans the earth can reasonably support, the most important concept to consider is __________.

a.
biological carrying capacity

b.
homeostatic carrying capacity

c.
net carrying capacity

d.
cultural carrying capacity

D) cultural carrying capacity

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Much of the solid waste generated today is plastic. Which of the following is false about plastic.

a.
Some personal care products (e.g., facial scrubs) contain plastics that accumulate in bodies of freshwater after they are rinsed down the drain.

b.
Floating plastic waste is accumulating into large garbage patches in the oceans.

c.
Over time, plastic degrades into smaller particles, but it never completely reintegrates into nature.

d.
All plastics can be recycled.

D) all plastics can be recycled

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The COVID-19 pandemic has shined a spotlight on weaknesses in industrial systems, many of which are directly related to ecological and social sustainability. According to the 2015 United Nations Conference on Distaster Risk Reduction, with a crisis like this comes the opportunity to __________.

a.
“reflect, reconfigure, and retrofit”

b.
“mitigate, mastermind, and mobilize”

c.
“structure sustainable systems”

d.
“build back better

D) build back better

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According to Cultural Theory (Wildavsky & Dake, 1990), Egalitarians exhibit __________.
Select one:

a.
high levels of concern about social justice, suspicion of authority, and strong support for consensus-based decision making.

b.
fear of restrictions on their autonomy, favour deregulation and free market solutions.

c.
disengagement and a belief that what happens in society is largely out of their control.

d.
commitment to protect existing power structures that protect their interests.

a.
high levels of concern about social justice, suspicion of authority, and strong support for consensus-based decision making

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The view of nature as inanimate facilitated widespread acceptance of the idea that nature can, and should, be __________ .

a.
observed and emulated

b.
manipulated and controlled

c.
revered and respected

d.
studied and understood

b.
manipulated and controlled

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In evolution, “adaptive” features are those that __________ .

a.
are uniquely human

b.
allow individuals to modify their environment.

c.
enhance survival and reproduction

d.
change with each generation

c.
enhance survival and reproduction

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text
__________ is false regarding technological development during the 19th and 20th centuries?

a.
Technological developments have increased average human lifespans.

b.
Technological developments have allowed humans to harness new energy sources.

c.
Technological developments have proved compatible with natural systems.

d.
Technological developments have allowed humans to expand their territory.

c.
Technological developments have proved compatible with natural systems.

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According to Terror Management Theory (Greenburg et al., 1997), __________.
Select one:

a.
individuals adopt their culture’s worldview to gain a sense of meaning in the face of “existential meaningless” and human mortality

b.
when individuals are reminded of their mortality they “increase the strength with which they defend their culturally supported worldviews.” 

c.
judges reminded of their own death before passing prison sentences assigned longer sentences than judges who were not reminded of their own mortality

d.
All statements are correct.

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Anthropocentric thinking is ______________ thinking.

a.
male-centred

b.
animal-centred

c.
human-centred

d.
nature-centred

c.
human-centred

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By providing mathematically verifiable predictions about the movement of stars, Sir Isaac Newton validated Descartes’s view of the universe as __________ .

a.
expanding

b.
animated

c.
mechanical

d.
dynamic

c.
mechanical

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The “dominant social paradigm” worldview in industrialised cultures assumes that __________ .

a.
humans should use natural resources however they can for their benefit

b.
individuals have the right to develop land for personal profit, even if it negatively impacts other people or nature

c.
economic growth is always good and always possible

d.
All the above.

D) all the above

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Globally, people are buying ______ new clothes and wearing them ______ before discarding them.

a.
more; fewer times

b.
more; more times

c.
fewer; fewer times

d.
fewer; more times

a.
more; fewer times

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Which statement is false about ecovillages?

a.
Ecovillages often employ principles of permaculture.

b.
Ecovillages are designed through participatory processes.

c.
There are no urban ecovillages.

d.
Regeneration is a guiding principle of ecovillages.

c.
There are no urban ecovillages

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Aquatic hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico vividly illustrates the importance of __________ .

a.
designing circular systems

b.
maintaining biological diversity

c.
respecting limits to growth

d.
prioritising upstream solutions

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In the text’s discussion of palm oil, Lucia von Reusner is a good example of a(n) __________ .

a.
organic farmer committed to sustainable agriculture

b.
individual challenging a corporation to behave more sustainably

c.
urban environmentalist challenging the dominant social paradigm

d.
All the above.

b.
individual challenging a corporation to behave more sustainably

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Soul Fire Farm relies on the natural cycles of plants and animals to run their farm. This approach is an example of __________ .

a.
mycorestoration

b.
regenerative agriculture

c.
permaculture

d.
companion planting

b.
regenerative agriculture

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___________ is not one of the positive aspects of regenerative agriculture.

a.
Sequestering carbon

b.
Yielding abundant food

c.
Not depending upon biodiversity

d.
Producing topsoil

c.
Not depending upon biodiversity

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text __________ is not an ecologically consistent principle. a. All life is interdependent b. Progress equals growth c. Life systems are circular d. Diversity equals resilience

b. Progress equals growth

A locavore is __________ . a. a person who does not eat meat b. a person who eats what is grown in the region c. a person who does not eat any animal products d. a person who eats only raw food

b. a person who eats what is grown in the region

Typical industrial agricultural practices conflict with which of the following ecological principles? a. All life is interdependent. b. Life systems are circular. c. Diversity equals resilience. d. All the above.

D) all of the above

Complexity of the ecosystems that support our lives is reduced by __________ . a. overuse of resources b. eradication of species c. over reliance on a few system members to the exclusion of others d. All the above.

D) all of the above

Age, gender, race, and ethnicity are all examples of ___________. a. quasi-IVs b. DVs c. quasi-DVs d. true IVs

A. Quasi- IVS

How are psychologists different from other social scientists, such as sociologists and geographers? a. Psychologists study behaviour at the level of the individual. b. Psychologists study families, institutions, and organisations. c. Psychologists study people. d. All the above

A) Psychologists study behaviour at the level of the individual.

Which of the following is true about the samples of participants employed in most psychological research? a. They usually represent the general population. b. They are diverse in terms of a variety of demographic variables (e.g., race, age, education). c. They typically draw from multiple cultures, rather than just one at a time. d. They are frequently composed of undergraduate psychology students.

d. They are frequently composed of undergraduate psychology students

______________ involves quantitative synthesis of the results of multiple studies on the same topic. a. Statistical significance testing b. Quasi-experimentation c. Meta-analysis d. A literature review

c. Meta-analysis

When are correlational studies useful? a. When a researcher wants to test a causal hypothesis. b. When manipulation of an IV is not possible. c. When researchers are dealing with a small sample size. d. All the above.

b. When manipulation of an IV is not possible

Predictions about the expected relationships among variables are __________. a. constructs b. theories c. operationalisations d. hypotheses

d. hypotheses

The most highly controlled method of hypothesis testing is __________. a. a laboratory experiment b. a correlational survey c. an interview d. a field experiment

a laboratory experiment

To approach a question scientifically is to approach it __________ . a. empirically b. sceptically c. Both A and B. d. Neither A nor B.

c. Both A and B.

Which of the following is false about laboratory simulations? a. Simulations require a lot of effort and money to develop. b. Immersive visual and auditory experiences that mimic actual natural and built environments have been used in research on contact with nature. c. Simulations can provide realistic experiences in the laboratory when it is impractical to study people in the real-world context. d. Simulations are a common research method in psychology.

d. Simulations are a common research method in psychology.

Brook (2011) predicted that ecological footprint feedback would affect people differently depending on how important environmentalism was in their self-worth (ESW). In this study, ESW was a __________. a. constant b. DV c. quasi-IV d. IV

c. quasi-IV

Which of the following is false about intrinsic reinforcers and environmentally responsible behaviour? a. People are more likely to maintain environmentally responsible behaviours when the reinforcers are intrinsic rather than extrinsic. b. Incentives are effective intrinsic reinforcers of environmentally responsible behaviour. c. Both intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcers increase environmentally responsible behaviours but in different ways. d. It is difficult to behaviourally engineer intrinsic reinforcers.

b. Incentives are effective intrinsic reinforcers of environmentally responsible behaviour

Contingencies that precede behaviour are called _______________, and contingencies that follow behaviour are called _______________. a. preludes; outcomes b. antecedents; consequences c. positive; negative d. reinforcers; punishers

b. antecedents; consequences

When we experience a contradiction between our behaviours and attitudes, or between our various behaviours, we are experiencing __________. a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon b. conformity pressure c. sufficient external justification d. cognitive dissonance

d. cognitive dissonance

According to research studies on how to encourage hotel guests to reuse their towels, which of the following messages would likely be most effective? a. “The majority of the guests in this hotel reuse their towels and many of our guests value conservation." b. “Reusing towels saves valuable resources.” c. “The majority of the guests in this room reuse their towels and many of our guests value conservation." d. “Reusing towels saves valuable resources and many of our guests value conservation."

c. “The majority of the guests in this room reuse their towels and many of our guests value conservation."

Monetary incentives like rebates and tax breaks are useful to encourage ___________. a. long-lasting environmentally responsible habits b. one-time actions that produce increases in energy efficiency. c. the development of more ecologically friendly attitudes and values. d. All the above.

b. one-time actions that produce increases in energy efficiency.

The induced hypocrisy paradigm takes advantage of people’s innate desire to be __________. a. consistent b. right c. imitated d. liked

A) consistent

How people behave in an environmental social dilemma depends upon __________. a. personal values b. how other people behave c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

c. Both a and b

Researchers in California compared the effectiveness of instructions and modelling to encourage water conservation in campus showers. They found that __________. a. a sign with instructions was just as effective as the sign accompanied by a confederate modelling the behaviour. b. compliance with instructions on the sign increased significantly with one confederate modelling the behaviour and increased even more when two confederates did so. c. compliance with instructions on the sign declined when confederates were already exhibiting the behaviour. d. no one paid attention to the sign with instructions, but participants did imitate the behaviour modelled by the confederates.

b. compliance with instructions on the sign increased significantly with one confederate modelling the behaviour and increased even more when two confederates did so.

People can be encouraged to behave in a more sustainably by reminding them of the discrepancy between ___________ and their behaviour. a. their attitudes b. social norms c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

c. Both a and b

___________ is an example of negative punishment for biking. a. A cyclist saves parking money by not bringing a car to work b. A cyclist misses a fun event because biking there took longer than it would have by car c. A cyclist is harassed by motor vehicle drivers d. A cyclist gets an encouraging "thumbs up" from a passing motorist

b. A cyclist misses a fun event because biking there took longer than it would have by car

Which of the following is does not describe a feature of cognition that gets in the way of environmentally responsible behaviour? a. The analytic system steers people toward unsustainable behaviours cued by the situation. b. People fail to sense and perceive many environmental hazards. c. Biases cause people to misinterpret the evidence in front of them. d. People tend to attend more to immediate consequences than to future ones.

a. The analytic system steers people toward unsustainable behaviours cued by the situation.

The text describes that once people have developed a conscious intention to behave more sustainably, certain types of information are helpful. Which of the following is not a form of helpful information described in the text? a. Information about which behaviours are most effective. b. Information about environmental risks. c. Information about how separate issues are connected. d. Information that simplifies complex systems into easily understood mental models.

b. Information about environmental risks

The invisibility of environmental threats, coupled with their typically delayed impacts, contributes to __________. a. psychological adaptation b. psychological reactance c. psychological distance d. psychological discounting

c. psychological distance

Compassion, empathy, and awe motivate pro-environmental concern and behaviour because __________. a. they allow people to rise above self-interested concerns and desires b. people have an unlimited capacity to experience them c. experiencing them makes people feel good about themselves d. All the above.

a. they allow people to rise above self-interested concerns and desires

Which of the following is false about the use of environmental messages that provoke fear in the audience? a. Without a sense of personal and urgent risk, people are less motivated to take action. b. Fear messages should always link the problem to specific actions people can take to alleviate it. c. Fear can overwhelm and disempower people. d. Fear messages should never be used because they cause people to respond defensively.

d. Fear messages should never be used because they cause people to respond defensively.

According to the text, people’s reticence to make personal sacrifices to help ameliorate climate change, such as eating less meat or flying less often, is best explained by __________. a. the loss aversion bias b. the availability heuristic c. temporal discounting d. their selfishness

a. the loss aversion bias

Which of the following best describes the availability heuristic? a. Media coverage can influence what is available in people's memories. b. When no information is available, people's brains fill in erroneous details. c. People overestimate the likelihood of events that easily come to mind and underestimate those that don't. d. People underestimate their own contributions to shared problems.

c. People overestimate the likelihood of events that easily come to mind and underestimate those that don't.

When are people likely to engage in emotion-focused coping rather than tackling a problem? a. When the problem feels out of their control. b. When no effective solutions are apparent. c. When people feel incapable of participating in a solution. d. All the above.

d. All the above

Research suggests that people’s willingness to take specific actions because of climate change is greater when they have had direct, personal experience of climate impacts. According to the text, this finding can be best explained by people’s __________. a. self-centeredness b. loss aversion c. use of the availability heuristic d. egocentrism

c. use of the availability heuristic

Motivated cognition drives which of the following? a. Belief perseverance. b. Confirmation bias. c. Selective exposure. d. All the above.

d. All the above.

Environmental knowledge and ecological literacy affect __________. a. political participation b. everyday decisions and behaviours c. the likelihood that someone will act in an environmentally responsible way d. All the above.

d. All the above

According to the text, how do values relate to beliefs? a. They are unrelated to each other. b. People’s values are based on their beliefs. c. Values are guiding principles that often inform beliefs. d. They are the same thing.

c. Values are guiding principles that often inform beliefs.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between values and environmental behaviour? a. Self-transcendent values always lead to pro-environmental behaviour. b. Self-enhancing values never lead to pro-environmental behaviour. c. Both self-transcendent and self-enhancing values can lead to pro-environmental behaviour. d. None of the above

c. Both self-transcendent and self-enhancing values can lead to pro-environmental behaviour.

Research suggests that self-efficacy perceptions significantly predict __________. a. easy, but not difficult, pro-environmental behaviours b. small-scale, but not large-scale, pro-environmental behaviours c. a variety of environmentally relevant behaviours d. anti-environmental, but not pro-environmental, behaviours

c. a variety of environmentally relevant behaviours

Theory on environmental education suggests that the best type of program for young children (ages 4-7) is one that encourages them to __________. a. explore their environment b. engage in social action c. learn about the biology of plants and nonhuman animals d. empathise with other living creatures

d. empathise with other living creatures

Which of the following is false about individuals with more materialistic values? a. They generally have larger ecological footprints than people with less materialistic values. b. They likely have a genetic predisposition to become more materialistic than other individuals. c. They prize and prioritise monetary wealth and material possessions more than people with less materialistic values. d. They likely developed these values because of unmet emotional needs and materialistic role models.

b. They likely have a genetic predisposition to become more materialistic than other individuals.

A review of 15 surveys of environmental knowledge among US citizens found that the best predictor of an individual's environmental knowledge was __________. a. gender b. political affiliation c. level of education d. age

c. level of education

Which of the following is not a factor that predicts the development of materialistic values during childhood? a. Unavailable or unstable parenting. b. Role models who exhibit materialistic values. c. Genetic inheritance. d. Exposure to materialistic media messages.

c. Genetic inheritance.

Many psychologists believe that all variation in people's personalities can be captured by just _______ dimensions. a. eight b. three c. five d. twelve

c. five

A meta-analysis of more than 50 data sets from around the world found that the social dominance orientation is ________ with environmental concern. a. negatively correlated b. both positively and negatively correlated. c. not correlated d. positively correlated

a. negatively correlated

text ___________ is not one of the functions of motivation. a. Directing effort b. Informing strategies c. Mobilising energy d. Maintaining effort

b. Informing strategies

Which of the following interventions would be most effective for people who are in the predecision stage of adopting a new sustainable lifestyle habit? a. Provide information about why the change is useful. b. Help people create an implementation plan. c. Provide feedback. d. Help people choose among specific behaviours.

a. Provide information about why the change is useful.

Sometimes when people take a small first step toward becoming more sustainable, such as recycling, they stop there because just doing something is enough to alleviate the worry that is motivating them. This is called __________. a. spillover b. the single action bias c. a rebound effect d. None of the above.

b. the single action bias

Which of the following describes a fair distribution of outcomes? a. Everyone receives the same benefit or incurs the same cost. b. People who need more get more, and people who can afford more pay more. c. People who contribute more receive more. d. All these may be considered fair distributions of outcomes.

d. All these may be considered fair distributions of outcomes.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between environmental attitudes and behaviours? a. Researchers generally find that environmental attitudes are modest predictors of behaviour. b. Researchers generally find that environmental attitudes do not predict behaviour. c. Researchers generally find that environmental attitudes are strong predictors of behaviour. d. Researchers generally find that environmental attitudes are weak predictors of behaviour.

a. Researchers generally find that environmental attitudes are modest predictors of behaviour.

Like self-determination theory, procedural justice theory suggests that motivation can be undermined by situations in which people feel __________. a. controlled by others b. that they are doing more than their fair share c. the costs outweigh the benefits d. clueless about what to do

a. controlled by others

From the SMART perspective, goals are most motivating when __________. a. they are very easy to achieve b. it is easy to track progress on them c. they don't include deadlines d. All the above.

b. it is easy to track progress on them

When constraints are present, the theory of planned behaviour suggests that the most effective behavioural interventions are ones that __________. a. minimize barriers b. influence values c. change attitudes d. increase intentions

a. minimize barriers

According to procedural justice theory, fair processes are characterized by three qualities. Which of the following is not one of those qualities? a. The process is correctable if it proves unworkable. b. The process is efficient. c. The process is unbiased. d. The process is consistently applied to everyone.

b. The process is efficient.

According to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), deliberate behaviour is most directly preceded by __________. a. social norms b. the intention to act c. values d. attitudes

b. the intention to act

Which statement is false about Richard Louv’s term nature-deficit disorder? a. It describes a phenomenon that is on the rise in the industrialised world. b. It is an official diagnostic category in the DSM-V. c. It describes the negative effects when children miss out on critical experiences in nature during their development. d. The deficits it describes are both mental and physical.

b. It is an official diagnostic category in the DSM-V.

Although lead has been regulated in more than a third of the countries in the world, exposures still occur because it is found in __________. a. unregulated consumer products b. toys and other consumer goods imported from countries that do not regulate lead c. the dust, paint, pipes, and yards of buildings built before its use was restricted d. All the above.

d. All the above.

People who are more connected to nature ___________. a. report more positive emotion b. feel more vital c. are more satisfied with their lives d. All the above

d. All the above

Health geographers use the term ____________ to describe natural spaces that foster well-being. a. therapeutic landscapes b. restorative environments c. biophilic spaces d. salutogenic settings

a. therapeutic landscapes

Which statement is false about ecopsychology? a. Ecopsychologists claim there is a reciprocity between the health of humans and the health of the planet. b. Ecopsychologists believe that the fundamental cause of today's ecological crisis is biophobia. c. A central goal of ecopsychology is to recover people’s repressed connection to nonhuman nature. d. Ecopsychologists believe that recovery of the "ecological self" promotes sustainable behaviour.

b. Ecopsychologists believe that the fundamental cause of today's ecological crisis is biophobia.

Bioaccumulation refers to ___________. Select one: a. the fact that toxic substances become more and more concentrated as they move up the food chain b. the ancient native capture of seeds for later use c. the fact that bioregions need to accumulate more land d. the action of chemicals on biodiversity that collects in foliage

a. the fact that toxic substances become more and more concentrated as they move up the food chain

The positive psychology movement focuses on __________. a. the importance of positive thinking all the time b. factors that promote well-being c. factors that threaten well-being d. All the above.

b. factors that promote well-being

Which of the following is false regarding research on restorative benefits of nature? a. People are not innately drawn to environments that are likely to be restorative for them. b. A natural view out a window can benefit physical and mental health. c. Photographs of nature can reduce stress, improve mood, and relieve mental fatigue. d. Research evidence is mixed when it comes to the restorative effects of indoor plants.

a. People are not innately drawn to environments that are likely to be restorative for them.

An unhealthy gut microbiome has been implicated in ___________. a. depression b. anxiety c. schizophrenia d. All the above.

d. All the above.

text _________ has not been empirically shown to support mental health and functioning. a. Spending time in natural settings. b. Interaction with predatory animals. c. Exposure to sunlight. d. Ingestion of soil bacteria.

b. Interaction with predatory animals.

Exam Prep Flashcards

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