exam prep

Question 1

nomothetic approach

Answer 1

large group (society), use questionnaires and observations, good for detecting general laws of human nature, bad for understanding specific individuals or social contexts

Question 2

ideographic approach

Answer 2

focus on uniqueness of individuals (personalities), uses interviews and case studies, good for understanding specific individuals and social contexts, bad for detecting general laws of human nature
+ observations about specific individuals extending towards others cannot be determined

Question 3

3 types of reliability

Answer 3

• internal consistency reliability
• inter-rater/inter-observer reliability
• test-retest reliability

Question 4

reliability definition

Answer 4

the extent to which a measure produces consistent results

Question 5

internal-consistency reliability

Answer 5

the extent of which the ITEMS of a measure are correlated with one another — how they measure same or similar things

Question 6

Crohnbach’s alpha

Answer 6

combining the correlations of items in a measure — >.70 considered good internal-consistency reliability

Question 7

inter-rater/inter-observer reliability

Answer 7

the extent of consistency between scores of different raters or observers

Question 8

test-retest reliability

Answer 8

the extent of consistency between scores across different measurement occasions

Question 9

3 types of validity (3 Cs)

Answer 9

• content validity
• construct validity
• criterion validity

Question 10

validity definition

Answer 10

the extent to which a measure measures what it claims to measure
(how good is this measure at doing what it’s supposed to?)

Question 11

content validity

Answer 11

the extent to which a measure assess the relevant features of the construct it is measuring, and not irrelevant features

Question 12

construct validity

Answer 12

the extent to which a measure assesses the construct is meant to measure
⭐️ 2 types: convergent, discriminant

Question 13

convergent construct validity

Answer 13

how closely a measure assesses a construct in relation to other measures that assesses the same

Question 14

discriminant construct validity

Answer 14

observes whether measures on constructs that should not be related are in fact not related

Question 15

criterion validity

Answer 15

the extent to which a measure predicts the behaviors it is meant to predict
(e.g.: how measures of intelligence predict academic achievement)

Question 16

reverse-coding

Answer 16

• items in a questionnaire that suggest the opposite of the trait being measured
• balances out the tendency to agree/disagree to statements relating to the trait (acquiescence)