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Prepare for the Global health exam (64 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of Global Health?

A

A field focusing on improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide through study, research, and practice

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2
Q

Name a few key focus areas of Global health

A

Global forces, interdisciplinary collaboration, population-based prevention and individual-level clinical care, politically and ethically charged global issues

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3
Q

Name some key difference between Global health, international health, and public health

A

Global health: transcends boundaries, international collaboration, focus on health equity, combines population-based prevention and individual care, multiple disciplines, aims for equitable access to health

International health: LMIC, international aid, focus on specific regions or countries, involves public health and development studies, aims to improve access in low-resource settings

Public health: focus specific countries or communities, involves local collaboration, aims to protect and improve population health, emphasizes population-based prevention, aims for equitable access within a country or community

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4
Q

Name some of the main actors in global health

A

National governments, international organizations, global health initiatives, philanthropic organizations

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5
Q

What are some main challenges for health systems the field of global health focuses on?

A

Pandemic prevention, shifting burden of disease, SDGs and UHC, access to medicines and workforce, social determinants and equity, digitization and climate change

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6
Q

How does the field of global health approach its goals?

A

Involving many disciplines and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration

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7
Q

What is the definition of Globalisation in Global health?

A

Affects global health through institutional, economic, social-cultural, and environmental determinants.

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8
Q

Name some of the environmental determinants affecting globalisation

A

Climate change, pollution, and natural resource management

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9
Q

Name some of the institutional determinants affecting globalisation

A

Role of global health organizations, policies, and governance

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10
Q

What impact flows does globalisation have on health?

A

Pathogen flows, information flows, trade flows, financial flows, and people flows.

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11
Q

Name the two natural immune responses to a pathogen

A

Primary (slow, as of first exposure)
Secondary (fast due to memory cells)

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12
Q

What is the difference between an antibody and cellular immune response?

A

Antibody involves B-cells and antibodies (A->B)
Cellular involves T-cells and cell-mediated responses. (C->T)

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13
Q

What are some difficulties in establishing vaccination programs?

A

Require political commitment, funding, regulatory competencies, community support, fair distribution, and equity.

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14
Q

What benefits vaccine acceptance?

A

Determined by acceptability and responsiveness. Solutions include education, community engagement, and equitable distribution.

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15
Q

Name some of the key topics disease surveillance should focus on to reach effective surveillance.

A

Conflicts, geopolitical changes, pandemics, demographic shifts, AI-generated pathogens, technological advancements, unknown threats, migration, AMR, zoonotic events, and climate change.

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16
Q

Name the 4 steps of Public Health Intelligence

A

Detection: Identify potential health threats.

Verification: Confirm information with relevant organizations and experts.

Risk Assessments: Assess the risk level through data analysis.

Reporting: Disseminate information through reports and news.

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17
Q

Name a key difference between planetary health and one health

A

Planetary health focuses on human, animal, and environmental health equally, encompassing climate change and loss of biodiversity.

One health emphasizes more on human, animal, and less deep on environmental health.

Both fields do have significant overlap between the concepts, involving a holistic approach to global health.

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18
Q

Name the drivers of anthropogenic change on Human Health

A

Underlying Drivers: Societal values, consumption, demographic shifts, technology.

Ecological Drivers: Global pollution, biodiversity loss, altered biogeochemical cycles, land use and land cover change, resource scarcity, biophysical ocean changes, and climate change.

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19
Q

What are some proximate causes for anthropogenic change on human health?

A

Air quality, harmful substances, food production, migration / displacement, infectious disease exposures, natural hazards, access to fresh water, aesthetics of nature, unknown factors.

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20
Q

What are two challenges in financing global health?

A

Securing adequate and sustainable funding for global health initiatives is challenging.

Balancing priorities and allocating resources effectively to address various health issues and crises.

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21
Q

What are two key considerations in global health care?

A

AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance): Be aware of the rise in AMR and its impact on treating infectious diseases.

Climate Change: Understand how climate change affects vector-borne diseases and overall population health.

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22
Q

What overarching catchphrase is recurring in the field of global health care?

A

“Solve global problems with local solutions, and local problems with common solutions.”

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23
Q

What is the goal of Global health Ethics?

A

Conceptualizing applying moral values to health issues with global effects requiring coordinated global action. It involves issues and relationships from micro-level interactions to supra-national structures and encompasses not only research but also global health actions, equity, and is part of everyone’s work in global health.

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24
Q

What makes ethical decision-making context depended?

A

Different circumstance and stakeholders: no single formula determines the most relevant principles

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25
What are the three principles in global health ethics?
Basic Ethical Categories: Virtues, values, rights. Ethical Commands/Rules: No stealing, no harming, treating others with respect. Guidelines for Weighing Outcomes: Achieving the greatest good, distributing burdens and benefits fairly.
26
Name the three approaches in health ethics:
Geographical Approach: Focuses on regional-specific health ethical issues. Content Approach: Addresses specific topics within health ethics. Normative Approach: Establishes standards or norms for ethical behaviour in health.
27
What are some of the key topics that need health ethics (name a few)
Brain drain, health system financing, migration, poverty, gender and race inequalities.
28
What is the point of increasing healthcare system resilience?
Resilience involves enhancing and subsidizing healthcare systems to withstand shocks that affect the need for care. These shocks include factors like income, expenditure, demand for certain services, risks, and market failures. The focus is on strengthening the system to ensure it remains functional during crises such as pandemics, epidemics, armed conflicts, climate events, and natural disasters.
29
Which types of financial methods can a country use to enhance resilience?
Drawing financial reserves Reallocation general government funds to the healthcare system Borrowing and selling bonds International lending and humanitarian aid EU Recovery funds
30
What is the end achievement of healthcare system resillience?
Entails the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from shocks and crises. It includes financial stability, robust infrastructure, efficient resource allocation, and strong governance.
31
What are some key measures in case of epidemics and pandemics in terms of health system resilience (name all 6)
Ensure adequate funding, and resource allocation Strengthen healthcare infrastructure and workforce Implement effective governance and leadership Promote collaboration and coordination on all levels Enhance surveillance and monitor systems Provide clear communication and public information
32
Name two risks of higher out of pocket payments
Might trigger health care-induced cost-of-living crisis Important to protect high-use patients and the poor against catastrophic spending or unmet needs (Universal health coverage)
33
Explain in your own words what health inequity means
Unfair differences in health status or the distribution of health resources among different population groups, resulting from social conditions such as birth, growth, living, working, and aging
34
How can health inequity differences be reduced?
Through appropriate government policies.
35
What is the main difference between health inequity and health inequality?
Health Inequity: Refers to unfair and unjust differences in health outcomes and resource distribution. Health Inequality: Refers to measurable differences in health status among different population groups, which may not necessarily be unfair or unjust.
36
What are three drivers of health inequities and what are their causes?
Power, money, and resources Causes include birth conditions, living conditions, working conditions, aging conditions, food security, conflicts, access to health care, and discrimination
37
What is the difference between absolute and relative Inequalities
Absolute Inequality: Reflects the magnitude of difference in health between two subgroups. Relative Inequality: Shows proportional differences in health among groups.
38
What is the slope index of inequality?
A measure used to assess the degree of health inequity within a population by considering the entire distribution of health across different socioeconomic groups
39
What are the effects of lack of access to health care? And how can they be overcome?
Lack of access to health care can lead to worse health outcomes and exacerbate health inequities. Barriers to health care can affect subpopulation groups differently, often disproportionately impacting vulnerable and marginalized populations Overcoming by: Implementing e-Health solutions to improve access to health services and strengthening community health care systems to provide localized and accessible health care.
40
What is the definition of global health governance?
Involves formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes used by states, intergovernmental organizations, and non-state actors to address health challenges requiring cross-border collective action
41
Name 3 institutions and organisations are involved in global health governance.
World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), World Bank, NGOs (MSF, Oxfam), and other international health bodies (GAVI).
42
What are the three political spheres in global health governance?
International Sphere: Involves global institutions like WHO, UN, and international treaties. National Sphere: Encompasses national governments and their policies. Community Sphere: Includes local health systems, community organizations, and civil society.
43
What is the difference between global health governance, governance for global health and global governance for health?
Global Health Governance: Focuses on how global health issues are managed through formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes. Governance for Global Health: Refers to the policies and strategies implemented by various actors to improve global health outcomes. Global Governance for Health: Encompasses the broader political, economic, and social systems influencing health determinants and outcomes at a global level.
44
Name the core aspects of international health regulation
The core aspects of international health regulation include preventing and controlling the spread of diseases, harmonizing health standards, and ensuring rapid response to health emergencies.
45
What is the purpose of international health regulation?
The purpose is to safeguard global health security, establish consistent health measures across countries, and enable coordinated international responses to public health emergencies.
46
Name some of the challenges in establishing international health regulation.
Challenges include sovereignty concerns, resource limitations in developing countries, political and economic factors, and difficulties in coordination and communication.
47
What are the three political spaces in international health regulation and how do they differentiale on their impact
Global Health Governance: Explicit health mandate. Global Governance for Health: No explicit mandate but direct and indirect impact on health. Governance for Global Health: Institutions and mechanisms at national or regional levels contributing to the two mentioned above.
48
Name three challenges in global health governance
Sovereignty Challenge: Countries' reluctance to cede authority to international bodies. Sectoral Challenge: Coordination among various sectors. Accountability Challenge: Ensuring actors are accountable for their actions.
49
What was the focus of the global health policy from October 2020?
Promotion and improvement of multilateral structures in global health
50
What are some specific goals of the German global health policy?
Prioritization: Focus on specific areas where Germany can make a significant impact in global health. Collaboration: Promote collaboration among various stakeholders. Coherent Action: Ensure coherent and aligned actions in global health initiatives.
51
What is the pandemic agreement's goal?
Strengthen global pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPPR) based on lessons learned from COVID-19.
52
Who participates in the pandemic agreement over what regulatory body?
An Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB) was established in December 2021 with all 194 WHO member states.
53
What does the one health approach recognize in its core concept?
The interdependence of human, animal, plant, and environmental health
54
What is the core aim of one health?
Achieving a sustainable balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and the ecosystem through an integrated, unifying approach.
55
What are the 4 c's in One Health?
Communication: Effective information sharing. Collaboration: Working together across sectors. Coordination: Harmonizing efforts and actions. Capacity Building: Strengthening resources and capabilities.
56
What is the ultimate goal of the one-health concept
Provide healthy ecosystems, healthy humans, and healthy animals.
57
What are some of the principal drivers of zoonotic diseases?
Principal drivers include increased contact with wildlife, deforestation, intensive farming, climate change, increased global travel, and global food production.
58
What challenges do we face in operationalizing one-health? (name 3)
Barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration, Lack of coordination when different sectors have conflicting priorities, Limited resources such as funding, personnel, and infrastructure.
59
What is the definition of global health security?
Global public health security involves proactive and reactive activities to minimize the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger people's health across regions and international boundaries.
60
How does human security in global health view health?
Human security in Global health views health and the environment as common goods essential for protecting communities and individuals from disease, poverty, natural disasters, and human rights abuses.
61
Which vulnerable groups are impacted more by mental health conditions?
Vulnerable populations include those in low- and middle-income countries, economically disadvantaged groups, and marginalized communities (LGBTQ, women, POC)
62
How can inequity in resource distribution in mental health be solved?
Examples of solutions include community-based programs, telehealth services, and policy interventions to ensure equitable distribution of mental health resources.
63
What are some examples of using telemedicine and ehealth?
Telemedicine in Africa: provide medical consultation and follow-ups for patient in remote villages EHR records in rural India: Deploy electronic health record systems to maintain accurate and up-to-date patient information. Ensure interoperability and secure data sharing among healthcare providers.
64
Name a risk for data security in digital health
Cyber-attacks, unauthorised access, data breaches

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