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Exam prep. Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Divine source

A

Language was given by god

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2
Q

Tool-making source

A

manual gestures is a precursor of language, brain at work

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3
Q

physical adaption source

A

evolution, upright posture, speech organs (tongue, lips, teeth)

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4
Q

Genetic source

A

only humans are capable of speech

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5
Q

natural sound source

A

imitation of sounds ie bang

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6
Q

social interaction source

A

using grunts and other sounds to communicate when a group effort is needed

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7
Q

innateness hypothesis

A

crucial mutation, language capability is in the genes

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8
Q

communicative signals

A

intentional communication

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9
Q

informative signals

A

unintentional communication ie sneezing and coughing signals a cold

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10
Q

Displacement

A

speaking of future and past, not only present

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11
Q

arbitrariness

A

without any natural necessary connection between word and its sound or form

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12
Q

productivity

A

creating new words and expressions, infinite potential of human language

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13
Q

cultural transmission

A

passing language from one generation to the next

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14
Q

duality

A

language is organized on two different levels

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15
Q

etymology

A

the origin and history of a word

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16
Q

coinage

A

invention of new words

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17
Q

neologism

A

creation of new words

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18
Q

borrowing

A

loaning words from another language

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19
Q

compounding

A

combining two separate words, creating a new one

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20
Q

eponomy

A

word created from person/place

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21
Q

blending

A

combining and mixing two words, creating a new one

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22
Q

clipping

A

reducing word to a shorter form

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23
Q

calque

A

borrowing + translation

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24
Q

hypocorism

A

reducing word to a shorter form and adding -y or ie

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25
backformation
word reduced and changes word class
26
conversion
same form of a word but changed word class/function
27
acronym
word formed by initial letters (SHIELD)
28
derivation
forming a new word by adding affixes
29
affix
prefixes, infixes, suffix
30
prefix
adding a morpheme (?) at the beginning of a word
31
infix
adding a morpheme in the middle of a word
32
suffix
adding a morpheme in the ending of a word
33
analogy
words that are formed to be similar in some ways to existing words
34
morphemes
a minimal unit of meaning
35
free morpheme and its two types
morphemes that can stand on their own lexical: content words (nouns, adjectives, verbs) functional: words carrying grammatical function (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns)
36
bound morphemes and its two types
morphemes that cannot stand on their own derivational: changes meaning of word inflectional: indicates aspect of grammatical function of a word
37
allomorphs
several morphs with closely related meanings (ie different kind of plurals)
38
zero-morph
the plural form where there is no change to the form of the word
39
agreement and the different categories taken into consideration
categories in analysis of parts of speech agrees with each other number (singular, plural) person (first, second, third person) tense (past, present, etc)
40
prescriptive approach
a specific set of grammatical rules, what is correct and what isn't
41
descriptive approach
describes the way grammar is "actually" used, not focusing on correctness but how the language is used
42
hierarchial organization
different levels of a constituent analysis
43
structural ambiguity
one structure could mean different things, can be shown with tree diagrams
44
conceptual meaning
the definition found in a dictionary
45
associative meaning
what a person associates with the word
46
antonymy | gradable and non-gradable
words that are opposites | some can be more or less, and some can't (sad/sadder/saddest vs. dead)
47
reversives
antonymy that means the reverse instead of the opposite
48
hyponymy
meaning of one form is included in meaning of another (horse is an animal)
49
superordinate and co-hyponyms
superordinate is in the highest level of the hierarchy, co-hyponyms are forms on the same level
50
prototypes
the typical thing one might think of or use to describe/give as an example (bird -> robin)
51
homophones
two or more forms with same pronunciation
52
homonyms
one form with two or more unrelated meanings
53
polysemy
one form with two or more related meaning
54
word play
play on words, polysemy, homophones, and homonyms often used
55
collocation
words that tend to occur with each other (hammer and nail)
56
deixis
pointing with the use of language
57
interference
successful referencing depending on understanding
58
cataphora
anaphora before antecedent, which is the normal way
59
presupposition
what the speaker assumes the listener already knows
60
face
public self image
61
four maxims and their meanings
quality: true statements quantity: enough info manner: brief, clear, orderly relation: relevant
62
tautology
stating the obvious
63
schema and script
schema: conventional knowledge structure known in memory script: series of conventional actions that take place
64
tip of the tongue
remembering part of the word, ie first letter, amount of syllables, stress pattern
65
malapropism
near misses ie fire distinguisher instead of extinguisher
66
spoonerism
slip of the tongue | parts switch places
67
slips of the ear
hearing incorrect, grey tape and great ape
68
slips of the brain
a sound being carried from one word to another ie black bloxes
69
conduction aphasia
speakers understanding and hearing can't be transferred successfully to speech production area, dementia and Alzheimer's
70
acquisition vs learning
unconscious vs conscious
71
one word stage
says one word, single unit stage more appropriate (danda)
72
overt and covert
overt: changing speech style to a style with more prestige covert: standing by differences, values their features
73
speech accommodation
speaker adapting to listener
74
divergence and convergence
divergence: marking differences convergence: closing the gap
75
register
adapting to context
76
jargon
technical vocabulary in a specific area of work or interest, inside an established group
77
slang
vocabulary used outside established groups to mark themselves as different
78
vernacular language
a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked difference from the standard language

Linguistics (1 decks)

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