Exam prep

Question 1

Essential Nursing Care includes:

Answer 1

• Pressure area care
• positioning
• VTE
• oral hygiene
• Eye care
• Diet and Fluids
• Bowel and urinary care

Question 2

Define oxygen cascade

Answer 2

The transfer of o2 from arterial pressure to your body

Question 3

What are ABGs?

Answer 3

Samples of arterial blood

Question 4

Define VQ ratio

Answer 4

The relationship between ventilation (v) and perfusion (q)

Question 5

Normal alveolar ventilation?

Answer 5

4L/min

Question 6

Pulmonary capillary perfusion?

Answer 6

5L/min

Question 7

Define ventilation

Answer 7

The mechanical movement of air to and from the atmosphere and the alveolar (in and out of the lungs).

Question 8

Define perfusion

Answer 8

The pumping or flow of blood into the tissues and organs.

Question 9

Define preload

Answer 9

Pressure or stretch exerted on the walls of the ventricle by the volume of blood filling the ventricles at the end of diastole.

Question 10

Define contractility

Answer 10

The ability of a muscle to shorten when stimulated.

Question 11

Define afterload

Answer 11

The resistance to ventricular contraction.

Question 12

Stroke volume is…

Answer 12

The volume of blood pumped with each heart beat.

Question 13

Define cardiac output

Answer 13

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.

Question 14

Mean arterial pressure is..

Answer 14

The average pressure within the arterial system throughout the cardiac cycle.

Question 15

Oculogynic crisis is..

Answer 15

Seizure like activity in kids/teens caused by administration of metoclopromide.

Question 16

Heart failure is..

Answer 16

The inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients.

Question 17

In regards to shock, what are the 4 H’s and 4 T’s?

Answer 17

4 H’s

• Hypoxaemia
• Hypovolaemia
• Hyper/Hypokalaemia
• Hyper/Hypothermia

4 T’s

• Tension pneumothorax
• Tamponade
• Toxins
• Thromboembolism

Question 18

Hepatomegaly is..

Answer 18

A medical condition in which the liver swells beyond its normal size.

Question 19

Trauma Triad..

Answer 19

1. Hypothermia
2. Acidosis
3. Coagulopathy

Question 20

Name the three types of shock..

Answer 20

1. Hypovolaemic
2. Cardiogenic - obstructive.
3. Distributive - sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic

Question 21

Cardiogenic shock..

Answer 21

Is the inability to maintain adequate perfusion despite adequate circulatory volume.

Question 22

Define ethics

Answer 22

Analysis of rational processes to decide a course of action where conflicting options exist.

Question 23

Morality is..

Answer 23

Community norms - right or wrong

Question 24

Values are..

Answer 24

Individual beliefs and attitudes that influence actions and decisions.

Question 25

Define autonomy

Answer 25

The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, uncoerced decision. -respect for the individual

Question 26

Beneficence is..

Answer 26

To do good

Question 27

Non maleficence means..

Answer 27

To do no harm.

Question 28

Justice is..

Answer 28

A fair, equitable and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to an individual

Question 29

Patient advocacy

Answer 29

A person chosen by an individual to make medical decisions on behalf of that person in the situation where the individual becomes incompetent

Question 30

Medical futility

Answer 30

A rationale for why treatment, either life saving or sustaining, is not considered to be in the patients best interests.

Question 31

Conscientious objection is

Answer 31

A refusal to participate in any procedure that would violate their reasoned moral conscious.

Question 32

Normal VQ ratio is..

Answer 32

0.8

Question 33

Normal acid base values..

Answer 33

``` PH: 7.35-7.45 PaO2: 80-100mmHg PaCO2: 35-45mmHg HCO3: 22-26mmol/L BE: +/- 3mmol/L Saturation >94.5-98.2% ```

Question 34

Define NSTEMI

Answer 34

A non- ST-elevation myocardial infarction, caused by a severely narrowed artery.

Question 35

Define STEMI

Answer 35

An ST-elevation myocardial infarction caused by a sudden complete blockage of a coronary artery.

Question 36

SIRS can only be diagnosed if the patient has at least 2 of the following:

Answer 36

Temperature <35 or >38.5 Heart rate >90 Tachypnoea RR >20 WCC low or elevated

Question 37

First surgical scrub of the day should be..

Answer 37

5 minutes long

Question 38

STEMI treatment..

Answer 38

1. Reassure pt - gain hx 2. Reposition - sit up 3. Obs + AE assessment 4. O2 therapy 5. ECG 6. Pain relief 7. Bloods - troponin, CK, myoglobin 8. CXR

Question 39

Broselow tape is

Answer 39

A colour coded tape used to simplify the treatment of children in paediatric medical emergencies

Question 40

Consent for organ donation is received from

Answer 40

The next of kin

Question 41

What are three diagnostic assessments for pulmonary gas exchange?

Answer 41

Arterial blood gases- blood samples taken from an artery to measure specific levels of gases. Pulse oximetry- non invasive way to monitor a persons o2 saturations. End tidal co2 monitoring capnography - the measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure during expiration.

Question 42

ECG lead view..

Answer 42

Inferior- II, III, aVF Lateral- I, aVL, V5, V6 Anterior- V3, V4 Septal - V1, V2

Question 43

Treatment for burns includes

Answer 43

A- assess airway and early intubation. Laryngeal oedema can make it difficult to intubate later. B- assess breathing. O2? Thoracic burn - eschatomy to relieve tightness and allow chest to expand. C- insert 2 large bore cannulae. Fluid resus, IDC insertion, FBC. D- GCS, BGL, pain relief E- log roll, debridement, dressings, obs, ABGs, pressure area care, communication