Exam prep Flashcards by Steph Ringrose

[Blood gas value] pH

7.35-7.45

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[Blood gas value] PaCO2 value

4.7-6.0 kPa

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[Blood gas value] PaO2 value

> 12 kPa

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[Blood gas value] HCO3

21-27 mmol/L

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[Blood gas value] Base excess

+/- 2

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[Interpret this blood gas] Low pH and high PaCO2

Respiratory acidosis

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[Interpret this blood gas] High pH and low PacO2

Respiratory alkalosis

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[Interpret this blood gas] Low PaCO2

Hypoxaemia

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[Interpret this blood gas] High PaSO2

Hypoxaemia

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[Interpret this blood gas] Low pH + low HCO3 + low BE

Metabolic acidosis

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[Interpret this blood gas] High pH + high HCO3 + high BE

Metabolic alkalosis

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[Blood gas] What is PaO2?

Partial pressure of arterial oxygen

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[Blood gas] What is PaCO2?

Partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide

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[Blood gas] What is SaO2?

Oxygen saturation

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[Blood gas value] Sa02

> 95%

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[Blood gas] What is HCO3?

Bicarbonate

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What is hypoxaemia?

Lowered blood oxygen

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[Oxygen delivery] Highest litre (L) of oxygen to be used with a nasal cannula (NC)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 1L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

21-24% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 2L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

25-28% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 3L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

29-32% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 4L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

33-36% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 5L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

37-40% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 6L of oxygen via nasal cannula?

41-44% (approx)

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[Oxygen delivery] Minimum litre (L) of oxygen to be used with a simple face mask (or Hudson mask)

[Oxygen delivery] Another name for a simple face mask

Hudson mask

[Oxygen delivery] Appropriate litre (L) of oxygen to be used with a simple face mash (or Hudson mask)

6-10L

[Oxygen delivery] Highest percentage of oxygen delivered with a simple face mask (or Hudson mask)

60%

[Oxygen delivery] Approximate percentages of oxygen delivered using a simple face mask (or Hudson mask)

30-60%

[Oxygen delivery] True or false: Oxygen can be humidified with a simple face mask (or Hudson mask)

True

[Oxygen delivery] Which oxygen delivery device can be used with type 1 respiratory failure?

A simple face mask (or Hudson mask)

[Oxygen delivery] Which oxygen delivery device can be used with type 2 respiratory failure?

A fixed delivery mask (or Venturi)

[Oxygen delivery] How much litres (L) of oxygen should be used on a Blue Venturi attachment?

2-4L

[Oxygen delivery] What percentage of oxygen does a Blue Venturi attachment give with 2-4L?

24%

[Oxygen delivery] How much litres (L) of oxygen should be used on a White Venturi attachment?

4-6L

[Oxygen delivery] What percentage of oxygen does a White Venturi attachment give with 4-6L?

28%

[Oxygen delivery] How much litres (L) of oxygen should be used on a Yellow Venturi attachment?

8-10L

[Oxygen delivery] What percentage of oxygen does a Yellow Venturi attachment give with 8-10L?

35%

[Oxygen delivery] How much litres (L) of oxygen should be used on a Red Venturi attachment?

10-12L

[Oxygen delivery] What percentage of oxygen does a Red Venturi attachment give with 10-12L?

40%

[Oxygen delivery] How much litres (L) of oxygen should be used on a Green Venturi attachment?

12-15L

[Oxygen delivery] What percentage of oxygen does a Green Venturi attachment give with 12-15L?

60%

[Oxygen delivery] True or False: the fixed delivery masks (or Venturi) offers an accurate percentage of oxygen delivery

True (as long as flow rate is set correctly)

[Oxygen delivery] When would a non re-breath mask be strongly recommended?

In patients who are critically ill, severely hypoxaemic (spO2 <85%) or septic

[Oxygen delivery] Which oxygen delivery device delivers the highest percentage of oxygen?

Non re-breath mask

[Oxygen delivery] What litre (L) of oxygen should be used with a non re-breath mask during a medical emergency?

15L

[Oxygen delivery] True or false: the non re-breath mask prevents the rebreathing of CO2 during high flow delivery?

True

[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 6L of oxygen via non re-breath mask?

60% (approx)

[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 7L of oxygen via non re-breath mask?

70% (approx)

[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 8L of oxygen via non re-breath mask?

80% (approx)

[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 9L of oxygen via non re-breath mask?

90% (approx)

[Oxygen delivery] Percentage of oxygen delivered with 10-15L of oxygen via non re-breath mask?

95-100% (approx)

[Respiratory] What is Forced Vital Capacity?

The volume that can be exhaled forcefully from a single full inspiration

[Respiratory] What is Forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1)?

The volume achieved in the first 1 second of FVC (forced vital capacity)

[Respiratory] What is Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)?

The maximal flow (or speed) achieved during the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration, measured in litres per minute

[Respiratory] Classification of type 1 respiratory failure

Hypoxaemia (low spO2) but no Hypercapnia (cO2 retention)

[Respiratory/Blood gas] How will type 1 respiratory failure present on an ABG?

PaO2: ≤ 10.0kPa (low) PaCO2: normal or low SpO2: less than 90% (low)

[Respiratory] Classification of type 2 respiratory failure

Hypercapnia (co2 retention) always present. pH may be compensated

[Respiratory/Blood gas] How will type 2 respiratory failure present on an ABG?

PaCO2: ≥6.0kPa (high) PaO2: normal or low

[NEWS] If a patient is scoring a NEWS of 0, how often should observations be taken and what should be done?

Minimum 12 hourly. | Continue routine NEWS monitoring

[NEWS] If a patient is scoring a NEWS of 1-4, how often should observations be taken and what should be done?

Minimum 4–6 hourly Inform registered nurse, who must assess the patient Registered nurse decides whether increased frequency of monitoring and/or escalation of care is required

[NEWS] If a patient is scoring a NEWS of 3 in a single parameter, how often should observations be taken and what should be done?

Minimum 1 hourly Registered nurse to inform medical team caring for the patient, who will review and decide whether escalation of care is necessary

[NEWS] If a patient is scoring a NEWS of 5 or more, how often should observations be taken and what should be done?

Urgent response threshold Minimum 1 hourly Registered nurse to immediately inform the medical team caring for the patient Registered nurse to request urgent assessment by a clinician or team with core competencies in the care of acutely ill patients Provide clinical care in an environment with monitoring facilities

[NEWS] If a patient is scoring a NEWS of 7 or more, how often should observations be taken and what should be done?

Emergency response threshold Continuous monitoring of vital signs Registered nurse to immediately inform the medical team caring for the patient – this should be at least at specialist registrar level Emergency assessment by a team with critical care competencies, including practitioner(s) with advanced airway management skills Consider transfer of care to a level 2 or 3 clinical care facility, ie higher-dependency unit or ICU Clinical care in an environment with monitoring facilities

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 7.0 pH: 7.29 PaCO2: 9.1 HCO3–: 26 Base excess: +1 ```

Respiratory acidosis

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 14 pH: 7.49 PaCO2: 3.2 HCO3–: 22 BE: +2 ```

Respiratory alkalosis

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 12.7 pH: 7.50 PaCO2: 5.5 HCO3-: 29 BE: +3 ```

Metabolic alkalosis

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 9.1 pH: 7.30 PaCO2: 8.4 HCO3-: 29 BE: +4 ```

Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 12.4 pH: 7.29 PaCO2: 5.5 HCO3-: 15 BE: – 4 ```

Metabolic acidosis

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 7.9 pH: 7.31 PaCO2: 7.1 HCO3-: 22 BE: +1 ```

Respiratory acidosis with type 2 respiratory failure.

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 6 pH: 7.51 PaCO2: 3.1 HCO3-: 21 BE: 0 ```

Respiratory alkalosis and type 1 respiratory failure.

``` [Interpret this blood gas] PaO2: 9.5 pH: 7.14 PaCO2: 8.1 HCO3-: 15.2 BE: – 9.7 ```

Mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis.

[Blood gas] If pH and paCO2 are both acidic what does this indicate?

respiratory acidosis

[Blood gas] If pH and paCO2 are both alkaline what does this indicate?

respiratory alkalosis

[Blood gas] If HCO3 is low what does this indicate?

Acidosis, with some metabolic compensation

[Blood gas] If HCO3 is high what does this indicate?

Alkalosis, with some metabolic compensation

[ACS] What is unstable angina?

Chest pain with little to no trigger

[ACS] What is stable angina?

Chest pain where there is a trigger (such as stress or exercise). Chest pain will go after a few minutes of rest

[ACS] True or false: Unstable angina is more serious that stable angina?

True

[ACS] What does PQRST stand for?

``` Precipitating Factors Qualitative Factors Region and Radiation Severity Timing ```

[Blood gas] If pH or PaCO2 are normal, but HCO3 is abnormal, what could this indicate?

Compensation

[Blood results] What is the normal range for Haemoglobin (Hb)?

Male: 130-180 g/L Female: 115-165 g/L

[Blood results] What is the normal range for White Cell Count (WBC)?

4-11

[Blood results] What is the normal range for Platelet Count (PLT)?

150-450

[Blood results] What is the normal range for Red Blood Cells (RBC)?

Male: 4.5-6.5 Female: 3.8-5.8

[Blood results] What is the normal range for INR?

0.2-1.8 (<2)

[Electrolytes] Normal Sodium (Na+) levels

135-145 mmol/L

[Electrolytes] Normal Potassium (K+) levels

3.5-5.0 mmol/L

[Electrolytes] Normal Calcium (Ca+) levels

8.5-10.5 mmol/L

[Electrolytes] Normal Magnesium (Mg+) levels

1.5-2.5 mmol/L

[Electrolytes] Normal Chloride levels

98-108

[Electrolytes] Normal Bicarbonate levels

22-30

[Electrolytes] Normal Creatine levels

0.8-1.3 mg/dL

[Electrolytes] Normal Urea levels

8-23 mg/dL

Normal capillary refill time?

Less than 2 seconds

Give names of Antiplatelet drugs

Asprin Clopidogrel Tricagrelor

What do Antiplatelet drugs do?

They make the platelets (disc shaped blood cells) less sticky and prevent blood clots

Give names of Anticoagulant drugs

Heparin Warfarin Rivaroxaban Apixaban

What do anticoagulant drugs do?

"Blood thinners" - prevent blood clots

How to work out urine output?

Urine output = amount of urine X number of hours ÷ weight of patient in kg

Exam prep Flashcards

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