Exam Prep Flashcards
(33 cards)
GCS Eyes. What is the top score? What is each score awarded for?
Eyes = 4
4: Spontaneous movement
3: Eyes open to voice/sound
2: Eyes open to pain
1: No eye response
GCS Verbal. What is it scored out of? How are scores allocated?
Verbal = 5 5 = Orientated to place, person, time 4 = Confused speech 3 = Words/ Inappropriate speech 2 = Incomprehensible speech/ sounds 1 = No verbal response
GCS Motor. Top score? How are points allocated?
Motor = 6 6 = Obeys commands 5 = Localises to pain 4 = Withdraws from pain/ normal flexion 3 = Abnormal flexion to pain 2 = Abnormal extension to pain 1 = No motor response
How many components are there in the Clinical reasoning cycle? What are they?
8 components
- Consider pt situation
- Collect cues/ information
- Process information
- Identify Problems/ Issues
- Establish Goals
- Take Action
- Evaluate
- Reflect
What is clinical reasoning?
Clinical reasoning is the process by which clinicians collect cues, process information, understand the problem, identify and implement solutions, evaluate outcomes and reflect on the process
What does clinical reasoning involve?
Build knowledge (uni)
collect cues from pt (history, exam)
Process info (how do the cues fit with my knowledge?)
plan treatment: match diagnosis to treatment
implement and evaluate
repeat if necessary
reflect on process
What are the components of the chain of infection?
- disease organism
- Reservoir
- Mode of escape
- mode of transmission
- mode of entry
- susceptible host
How do we break the chain of infection?
- Eliminate infectious agents
- Contain portals of exit through safe infection control
- transmission stopped with barriers
- portals of entry protected
- no susceptible hosts
how are infections transmitted?
- Airborne
- contaminated food/objects
- skin to skin contact
- contact with body fluids
When should you start CPR?
When pt is unresponsive, not breathing normally, there are no obvious signs of death
When should you not start CPR?
When there are undeniable signs of death including:
- Decapitation
- Incineration
- Decomposition
- Rigor Mortis
- Dependant lividity
- Severe injuries with evisceration of major organs
- fetal maceration
When a valid DNR is sighted
What are the steps in the patient interview?
- introduction
- Chief complaint
- history of chief complaint
- general history
- medications/ drugs/ allergies
- systems focused history
How can you assess a patients level of pain?
- Numeric (1-10 scale)
- Verbal
- visual (wong-baker faces)
What do you need to ask about pain?
O nset P rovocation Q uailty R adiation S everity T ime
What mechanisms of injury have a high index of suspicion?
1 - falls greater than 3x pt height 2 - ejection from vehicle 3 - death/ Altered LOC of another occupant in same passenger compartment 4 - roll over 5 - high speed crash 6 - vehicle vs pedestrain/ bicycle 7 - motor cycle crash 8 - unresponsive/ alerted LOC 9 - penetrating injury head head/chest/ abdo
When is a patient considered time critical?
- When they are in actual physiological distress
- When they have a pattern of injury with known high likelihood to deteriorate to actual physiological distress
- When patient has neither of the above, but the MOI has known likelihood to deteriorate to physiological distress
What are the 6 rights of drug administration?
- Right Person
- Right Drug
- Right Dose
- Right Route
- Right Time
- Right Documentation
What are Vital Signs?
- LOC
- BP
- HR
- RR
- SpO2
- Temp
- Skin
- Pupils
- BSL
What is a normal Heart rate range? when is it considered too low/high
60-100/min
higher than 100 bpm
lower than 40 bpm
sufficient perfusion?
What is a normal resp rate? When is it worryingly high or low
12-20 bpm
more than 22 bpm (27 or more likely cardiac arrest)
less than 8 (impending resp. arrest)
sufficient to perfuse
What is normal BP? when is it too high/ low
100-140/80
higher than 160/95
lower than 95 systolic
What are two common types of pain? What causes them?
somatic: injury to muscle/bone/skin. localised and sharp
visceral: poorly localised, deeper in body, radiating, from organs.
What are the four principals of ethics?
- Autonomy
- Beneficence
- maleficence
- Justice
What is Negligence?
When duty of care existed
Duty of care was breached
The breach in duty of care directly lead to the negative result
