Exam Prep Flashcards by Con Morris

Animal rights in the 17th century

Non existent

Animals weren’t believed to have a conscience

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Welfare in 1826

First animal welfare law created in uk

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Naturalistic argument

Enclosures should be as natural as possible to encourage natural behaviours

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Fit and healthy argument

If an animal is healthy the welfare is good

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Holistic argument

Animals should be fit and happy

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Five freedoms (FAWC)

Freedom from: 
Thirst,hunger and malnourishment 
Discomfort 
Pain and injury 
Fear and distress 
Behave naturally

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Three principles of ethics

Autonomy - rights to body
Justice - equal to all
Beneficence - benefits the animal

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Animal welfare act (2006)

Authorities can punish cruelty and enter properties

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Displacement behaviour

Normal behaviours at abnormal times,frequencies or lengths

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Why do displacement behaviours occur?

Often after stressful encounters eg conflict

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What is a stereotypy

Irregular behaviours often used to comfort a animal eg swaying which often becomes impulsive and hard to reverse

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Mantra effect

Repetition of a behaviour brings comfort

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Younger animals…

Often need extra stimulation to encourage exploration and reduce the chances of stereotypical behaviours in later life

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Treating stereotypies

Improving welfare can reduce these behaviours but often they cannot be reversed without causing stress to the animals

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Welfare

An animals ability to cope with its environment with both mental and physical components

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Preference testing

Tests motivations and the strength of motivation towards different environmental factors

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Consumer demand theory

Different animals have different preferences dependent on their age,sex,experiences etc

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Cognitive bias and emotional state

Depressed individuals are often more pessimistic and less explorative

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5 domains

Nutrition and hydration
Environment
Health
Behaviour and mental state

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Explain the stress response

Sensory input
Brain evaluates
Positive or negative emotions generated
Body responds physically or mentally

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What’s HPA?

Hypothalamic pituitary axis (hormone slow response)

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What is the SNS

Sympathetic nervous system involving nervous system (fast response)

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What is GAS response?

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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Problems with chronic stress

Poor immune system

Lack of growth

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Physical measures of stress

``` Blood pressure MRI Hormone samples Glucortinoids Resp rate ```

Cruelty to animals act (1976)

Prevents cruelty to animals. Infliction of pain when justified is ok but cruelty isn’t

Types of licenses

Personal Project Establishment

Regulated procedures

Mild moderate or severe | Licenses needed if any pain is inflicted

3rs

Replacement Reduction Refinement

What is white adipose tissue?

Stores energy

What is brown adipose tissue?

Thermoregulation tissue to help young animals and hibernating animals stay warm

Adipokenine

Reduces appetite. High levels increases appetite

Adipokenectin

Enhances insulin sensitivity | Lower in overweight animals

Neoteny

Delayed development

Paedomorphism

Juvenile features in adults

1930s

First stereotypy observed

1960s

Documentaries changed welfare attitude

1961

First American welfare laws

WAZA

World association for zoos and aquariums

Naturalistic

Mimics wild enclosures

Behavioural engineering

Doesn’t mimic wild but stimulates natural behaviours

Types of enrichment

``` Social Occupational Physical Sensory Nutritional ```

Allostatis

Balance through physical and behavioural changes

Allostatic load

Costs incurred

Ideal sheep body score

2-3 - measured by feeling hips and lower spine- should be round and not sharp

Typical sheep behaviour

Social Not isolated Alert

Recommended sheep water distance

Less than 1.6km

What is rewilding?

Undomesticating animals/ releasing into wild

Oostvardenplassen

Cattle and ponies reintroduced with wild red deer all now starving and culling is being used —— unethical

Reintroduction

Releasing captive bred animals

Reintroduction objectives

Survive Breed Settle

What causes mortality in reintroduction

Stress Predators Habituation to captivity

Problems with reintroduction

Money Time Lack of behavioural skills Captivity habituation

How to help reintroduce

Enrichment stimulating natural behaviours

How to help carnivores reintroduce

Natural foods or live foods

How to help arboreal reintroduce

Distribute food specially

Captive animals often don’t....

Experience stress which may be detrimental when introducing

Anti predator training

Mimicking predators to captive animals to prepare for reintroduction

Why does nutrition change

To accommodate to different life stages

First ingestion or milk

Colostrum helps build the immune system

Diet

Regime of food

Food

Substinance

Nutrient

Substance used for energy

Lab animals are fed...

Cereal based diet

Poor diet leads to

Deficiency diseases Obesity Cardiovascular diseases

Faulty leptin

Leads to over eating due to no appetite suppression

Protein requirements

Higher for pregnant,lactating or growing animals

Postpartum rats

Can conceive hours after giving birth

Proteins help

Build tissues | Grow

Poor protein leads to

``` Small litter sizes Poor Development Low birth rates Reduced growth Poor lactation ```

Carbohydrates

Energy rich | Excess converted to fat

Purified synthetic diets

Cleansed/no chemicals (better for experiments as no variation)

Standard lab diet

Mostly natural ingredients,variation possible

Water

Lubricates food Transports waste materials Regulates body temp

Biofilm

Contaminates water (bacteria colony) Treated with reverse osmosis and filtering Should check planktonic count regularly

Cruelty to animals act – 1876

means animals in labs can only be in justified experiments. Can inflict justified pain but not be cruel.

Why are primates in captivity?

Zoos,captive research,lab facilities,conservation

Ethical concerns of keeping primates in captivity

Development and mental stimulation due to high intelligence.

How should arboreal species be catered to within captivity

Larger vertical spaces

What does spacial crowding lead to in primates?

Social aggression

What is acute stress?

Temporary short term stress

What is chronic stress?

Long term, reoccurring stress

Where is leptin secreted from?

Adipose tissue