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BPT-02 > Exam question > Flashcards

Exam question Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 3 key characteristics in quantitative research

A

Pre-Specified methods are used
Data is numeric
Process is deductive

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2
Q

What is the definition of reliability?

A
  • Accuracy and repeatability measured outcomes

- divided into inter-rater and intra-rater

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3
Q

Co-intervention occurs when members of the control group inadvertently receive treatment

T or F

A

False

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4
Q

Name the 3 Boolean Operators you can use while doing a PUBMED search

A

AND ; OR ; NOT

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5
Q

What is a cross-sectional design?

A
  • at 1 point in time
  • Which factors influence a particular outcome
  • Relatively inexpensive - easy
  • No causality
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6
Q

In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, Systematic reviews are ranked higher than Randomized controlled trials

T or F

A

True

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7
Q

Name 3 features/characteristics of Case study/series

A
  • No control group
  • New hypothesis
  • Often qualitative research
  • Explore new topics on which limited knowledge exist
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8
Q

Name the 5 steps of EBM

A

1: Ask a clinical question
2: Acquire the best evidence
3: Appraise the evidence
4: Apply the evidence
5: Asses your performance

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9
Q

What is a single case design?

A
  • Prospective
  • No control groups
  • Participants studied during multiple phases:
  • > Minimum 2 designated by letters by convention
  • > Baseline A and Treatment/Intervention B
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10
Q

In the hierarchy of scientific evidence, In vitro studies are the highest ranked

T or F

A

False

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11
Q

What is a case control design?

A
  • Retrospective
  • Comparaison between cases and controls
  • No active control
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12
Q

Explain what is beneficence for ethics?

A

The intention of a study: to do good, and no waste participants’ time.

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13
Q

What is the definition of external validity? (JJ)

A

Generalize the study results to other situations, people…

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14
Q

What does the acronym PICo stand for?

A

Patient / Population / Problem
(The population of interest or the problem or issue of interest.)

Interest
(Events / Activities / Experience Related to the population of interest or the issue of interest. )

Context
(Setting or situation of the Activity / Event / Experience)

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of bias

A

Researchers
How groups were formed
Measurement tools
Data collection process

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16
Q

Define anecdotal evidence

A
  • Evidence from anecdotes
  • story told by individuals!
  • Many forms: from product testimonials to word of mouth
  • Driven by emotion, and presented by individuals who are not subject area experts
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17
Q

What does the acronym PICO stand for?

A

Patient / Population / Problem
Intervention
Comparison
Evaluation

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18
Q

What is a quantitative research?

A

The process is deductive, data is numeric and pre-specific methods are used

It is used to describe (impact of the pb), to evaluate (treatments), to predict (outcomes) and to compare (provide base of evidence)

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19
Q

External validity refers to whether the results of a study can be extra-polated to other populations than the ones that were studied

T or F

A

True

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20
Q

Why is Ethics so important?

A

To protect research participants from harm: Physical, Psychological

In accordance with Declaration of Helsinki

Insurance for researchers.

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21
Q

What is a before and after design?

A
  • Prospective
  • Access and compare outcomes before and after the intervention
  • No control group: subjects serve as their own control
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22
Q

Single case design are by convention designed by letters: Baseline(A) and treatment (B)

T of F

A

True

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23
Q

Name the 4 key objectives of quantitative research

A

To predict
To compare
To describe
To evaluate

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24
Q

The acronym SPIDER is used for defining keywords in mixed methods research

T or F

A

True

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25
In a BEFORE /AFTER design, the outcomes are compared in a prospective way before and after an intervention T or F
True
26
Efficacy refers to the extent to which an intervention produces a beneficial outcome under day-to-day circumstances T or F
False (its effectiveness)
27
What is a case study?
The goal is to describe or quantify the effects of different conditions or interventions on each study participant.
28
In qualitative research, the purpose is a deep understanding of a phenomenon T or F
True
29
What does the acronym SPIDER stand for? and Which research is?
``` Sample population / patient / problem Phenomenon of Interest Design Evaluation Research type ``` It is qualitative and mixed methods studies
30
Patients are always allowed to withdraw from a trial except during the time period of 48 hours after signing informed consent T or F
False
31
Name 3 components of a critical appraisal of quantitative appraisal
Contamination was avoided? Cointervention was avoided? Was the purpose stated clearly? Was sample size justified?
32
Define independent and dependent variables
Independent variable: “intervention” Dependent variable: variable that is being observed should only vary in response to the independent variable.
33
Effectiveness refers to extent which intervention produces beneficial outcomes under ideally controlled/laboratory circumstances T or F
False (its Efficacy)
34
Name the different strategies that can be used in a PUBMED search
``` Quotation mark strategy ("") MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms Truncation strategy (*) Alternative word strategy Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) ```
35
Name the 6 basic principles of ethics
``` Autonomy Non-Maleficence Beneficence Justice Confidentiality Dissipation of knowledge ```
36
What is a cohort design?
- Prospective (can also be retrospective) - 1 grp expose to situation of interest VS 1 not exposed - Allocation of groups not under control - No causal relationship
37
What is a RCT? (Randomized Controlled Trial)
- “Does things to people” in order to observe the effects - Random allocation - 1 experimental grp VS 1 control group - Test effectiveness of the intervention - highly controlled
38
What is the definition of internal validity? (JJ)
Level to which the independent variable caused the outcome of the study
39
What does the acronym SPICE stand for? and Which research is
``` Setting (where) P Perspective (for whom) I Interest / Experience / Intervention (what) C Comparison (what else) E Evaluation (how well, what result) ``` its a qualitative studies
40
What is the best evidence? From the strongest to the weakest
``` Metanalyses, systematic reviews (strongest) Randomized controlled trials (RCT) Cohort studies Case-control studies Cross-sectional studies In vitro studies Case report, papers, letters (weakest) ```
41
Efficiency refers to the extent to which the balance between input (costs) and outputs (outcomes) on interventions represents value for money T or F
True
42
Name 4 components of an Ethical approval request?
Participant information sheet Informed consent from Participant debrief Budget planning
43
Why is EBP so important?
- Interventions: as safe and as effective as possible - Justify the ’WHY’ of a particular treatment - Underpin the professional autonomy of profession
44
What is the components of the philosophy of knowing?
- Considering different perspectives - Philosophies - Validity - Reliability - Unbiased and objective
45
What is academic writing?
Academic writing is the formal written language used to communicate research information
46
Why Academic writing is important?
- It helps people to make personal contributions to important topics and concepts - It improves research skills and critical thinking skills - It improves a person’s employability
47
Name 3 characteristics of Academic writing
- Logical reasoning as opposed to emotional thoughts or personal opinions. - Arguments/debate based on Evidence and critical reasoning. - Avoid verbatim quotes
48
What does the abbreviation APA mean?
American Psychological Association citation style
49
Name the 4 methods of Probabilistic sampling methods
- Simple random sampling (all population is available for selection) - Stratified random sampling (selected from subgroups) - Systematic random sampling (Selection at defined intervals) - Clustered random sampling (geographic areas)
50
Name the 3 methods of Non-probabilistic sampling methods
- Convenience sampling (Selection based on availability) - Purposive sampling (participants are experts) - Snowball sampling (When the population is difficult to access, friends ask to friends,...)
51
What is critical appraisal?
It is a standardised process of assessing the quality, rigor and strength of the methods and outcomes of a research publication.
52
In which step in EBP, the objectives of critical appraisal of scientific research are? - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4
3rd
53
What are the traditional qualitative research approaches?
Ethnography Grounded Theory Phenomenology
54
Academic rigor =
trustworthiness = qualitative research rigor
55
What is the criteria for trustworthiness in qualitative research?
- Credibility - Transferability - Dependability - Confirmability
56
What is qualitative research?
It seeks information which cannot be easily expressed in numbers. - What people think - How people feel - People’s opinion
57
What is the 3 main components of EBP?
- Available evidence - Clients' value - Clinical expertise
58
Name 3 characteristics of research?
- It demands a clear statement of the problem - It requires a plan - It builds on existing data, using both positive and negative findings
59
How a research can be?
Explanatory Descriptive Exploratory
60
Name 3 features of the research question
- Relevant - Specific - Legitimate
61
PICO strategy is a qualitative research T or F
False (Quantitative research)
62
PICo is use for qualitative research T or F
True
63
In which steps research question is? - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4
In the 1st
64
SOURCES OF BIAS name 3 validity of the trail = based on
- Comparability of groups at the beginning! - Large numbers - No confounding factors - Reliability of the measurements
65
Why is rigor important?
- Because the validity of a study depends on it! - Striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail - Logical reasoning is essential
66
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability is about the consistency of a measure Vs Validity is about the accuracy of a measure
67
Explain what is Autonomy for ethics?
Participation in research is - Informed | --> Explained about EVERYTHING what a study involves
68
Explain what is Non-maleficence for ethics?
No physical danger or emotionally distress.
69
Explain what is Justice for ethics?
All study participants must be treated equally and with respect
70
Explain what is Dissipation of Knowledge for ethics?
Right to information pertaining to the condition

BPT-02 (6 decks)

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