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Biology 6.1.3: Manipulating Genomes > exam questions > Flashcards

exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

describe how an isolated human insulin gene is inserted into a bacteria plasmid (4)

A
  • restriction endonucleases cut open DNA at recognition site
  • forming sticky ends
  • same enzymes cuts open plasmid
  • forms complementary sticky ends which bind to DNA
  • DNA ligase joins gaps
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2
Q

suggest two ways that bacteria which take up modified plasmids can be identified (2)

A
  • fluorescent dye: glowing bacteria have plasmid
  • antibiotic resistant genes: survivors have plasmid
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3
Q

suggest why it is preferable to use genetically engineered sources of human insulin rather than insulin obtained from pigs (2)

A
  • no religious objections
  • cheaper
  • more efficient
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4
Q

suggest one ethical objection to the use of stem cells from human embryos (1)

A
  • form of abortion
  • kills a potential human
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5
Q

explain what is meant by a restriction enzyme (3)

A
  • enzyme which cuts through DNA
  • at a specific site called a recognition site
  • forming sticky ends
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6
Q

outline the formation of recombinant DNA (4)

A
  • restriction endonucleases cut through DNA and forms sticky ends
  • same enzyme cuts plasmid to form complementary sticky ends
  • bind with hydrogen bonding
  • ligase joins gaps in backbone
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7
Q

explain what is meant by recombinant DNA (1)

A

2 sources of DNA joined together

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8
Q

describe how genetic engineering has been used to produce human insulin (3)

A
  • DNA is isolated using restriction enzymes
  • plasmid bacteria is cut open using same enzymes
  • forms complementary sticky ends
  • gene is inserted into plasmid - forms H bonds
  • ligase joins gaps in backbone
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9
Q

what are the advantages of using genetic engineering to produce human insulin (3)

A
  • rapid process
  • body won’t reject
  • reliable supply
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10
Q

describe the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering (3)

A
  • cut DNA at recognition sites
  • cut plasmid
  • form complementary sticky ends
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11
Q

describe the role of ligase in genetic engineering (2)

A
  • joins sticky ends of DNA and plasmid
  • seals DNA backbone
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12
Q

describe the role of DNA polymerase in genetic engineering (1)

A

forms double strand, used in PCR

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13
Q

explain the role of a promoter in genetic engineering (2)

A

turns on transcription & binds RNA polymerase

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14
Q

discuss benefits and problems with using gene therapy in treatment of diabetes rather than taking insulin (4)

A

benefits
- avoids injections
- less restriction on lifestyle

problems
- takes a long time to have effects
- rejection

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15
Q

suggest why humans have more DNA than bacteria (2)

A
  • humans are eukaryotes
  • so have larger proteins
  • bacteria are much smaller
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16
Q

which enzyme removes the gene from the genome? (1)

A

restriction endonuclease

17
Q

which enzyme inserts the gene into the new DNA? (1)

A

ligase

18
Q

discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetic screening (6)

A

advantages
- early intervention of treatment
- removes uncertainty
- can increase life expectancy

disadvantages
- false result
- presence may not result in condition
- distressing

19
Q

how is the knowledge of genomes used in medicine? (4)

A
  • screen for heritable disease
  • early diagnosis
  • target drug treatment
  • develop more efficient drugs
20
Q

explain the arguments against genetic screening (4)

A
  • expensive
  • moral issues
  • false results
  • there are many diseases we can test but have no treatment for
21
Q

suggest how bioinformatic may be useful in determining whether a newly sequenced allele causes disease (2)

A
  • base sequence of normal allele and alternatives are held in a database
  • computational analysis allows comparisons to be made
22
Q

explain why only selected sections of non-coding DNA are used when profiling a human (3)

A
  • in most people, genes are same
  • coding sequences would not provide unique profiles
  • non coding DNA contains variables of repeating sequences
23
Q

why are protease enzymes used before PCR? (1)

A

digest proteins associated with DNA to purify

24
Q

why do proteins need to bind to substance in the agar gel in electrophoresis? (2)

A
  • different proteins have different overall charges
  • binding makes them all negatively charged
  • so proteins will move in the same direction
25
Q

what needs to be done with mRNA in order for rest of genetic modification to occur? (2)

A
  • make single stranded DNA (cDNA)
  • using reverse transcriptase
26
Q

suggest one concern that people have about the genetic modification of bacteria (1)

A

resistance (antibiotic)

27
Q

state 3 differences between somatic & germ line cell gene therapy (3)

A
  • somatic cannot be passed to offspring
  • somatic introduced to body cell, germ line introduced to gamete
  • somatic is short term

Biology 6.1.3: Manipulating Genomes (8 decks)

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