exam questions Flashcards by Makyla Mitchell

The idea of fair treatment, access, opportunity, and advancement for all people is captured by the term

equity

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According to the text, the use of logic and reason to overcome opinions and emotions iscalled

rationalism

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Cognitive psychology focuses on

processes like memory, language and reasoning

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The research question “How might changes in neurotransmitters lead to psychologicalproblems and changes in behavior and mental processes?” is most closely associatedwith which perspective?

biological

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Claims that are based on common beliefs, folk wisdom, or superstition are examples of

pseudoscience.

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The Q of SQ4R stands for

question

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The model that likens the mind to a computer that sequentially takes in data, processes it, and then produces a response is called the

information-processing approach

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The tendency to gather evidence that confirms our preexisting expectations, while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence, is called

confirmation bias.

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With which type of animal is nonhuman research mostly conducted

rats and mice

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Dr. Kao is describing her research results and comments that the mean reduction in depressive symptoms in the experimental group with 32% larger than the reduction in the control group. Dr. Kao is using

statistics.

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Because research in the United States has demonstrated that adolescents are not very respectful to the elderly, Sara concludes that all adolescents everywhere in the world are disrespectful to the elderly. This is an example of

ethnocentrism

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If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new “memory” drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz about the story, what would the independent variable be and what would the dependent variable be?

Exposure to the drug would be the independent variable, and quiz scores would be the dependent variable

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Which of these is an X-ray procedure that reveals cross-sectional views of internal structural damage or problems in the brain?

computed tomography scan (CT)

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Which of the following is the part of the neuron that contain tiny vesicles from which chemicals called neurotransmitters are released

terminal buttons

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Which of the following is the most accurate statement about neurotransmitters?

They are chemicals that cross the synaptic gap between neurons.

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Which of these links the brain and the spinal cord with the rest of the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands

peripheral nervous system

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Which part of the limbic system helps regulate emotions such as fear and aggression

amygdala

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Which neurotransmitter is involved in addiction and in the brain’s reward system

dopamine

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Motor control, speech production, thinking, personality, emotion, and memory are all governed by your

frontal lobes.

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Azucena experienced a significant brain injury and, as a result, is experiencing visual difficulties even though her eyes and the pathway from her eyes to her brain are healthy and undamaged. What part of Azucena’s brain has been affected?

occipital lobes

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To determine wavelength, you would measure waves from

peak to peak

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Sounds at which level are generally considered to be safe

less than 70 dB

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Hair cells are auditory receptors found in the

cochlea

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The physical properties of light and sound are

wavelength, frequency, and amplitude.

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A scientist wanting to determine the lightest touch that can be felt by various animals compared to human beings would be interested in finding the

absolute threshold for touch

The correct order of the pathway for light energy is

cornea ĺ pupil ĺ lens ĺ retina.

The minimum amount of change between two colors that is required to detect a difference between the two colors is referred to as a(n)

difference threshold

The theory of color vision that is based on three systems of color opposites is called the

opponent-process theory

if three people standing next to each other witnessed a robbery and each person described the thief differently, then these different interpretations of the sensory input would illustrate differences in

perception

If, in midsentence, your friend suddenly slumps over on the couch and appears to have entered the REM stage of sleep, which of the following is the BEST explanation for your friend's behavior?

Your friend has narcolepsy and should seek medical attention

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep

unresponsive muscles

The active ingredient in marijuana is

THC

Brianna regularly uses benzodiazepines in rather large quantities, and when she cannot use them, she gets sick to her stomach, has diarrhea, and experiences agitation, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Brianna is experiencing

withdrawal

The term drug abuse implies that the individual

uses a substance in a way that causes emotional or physical harm to self or toothers

Which part of the brain is involved in the operation of circadian rhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The evolutionary theory of sleep says that sleep

conserves energy and protects us from predators

Drugs that change conscious awareness, mood, or perception are called

psychoactive drugs

Marc is a personal care provider who works with people who have profound intellectual disabilities. People with this level of intellectual disability are

generally able to perform only the most rudimentary behaviors, such as walking, feeding themselves, and saying a few phrases

Great dancers like Misty Copeland and Arthur Mitchell are likely to be high in which type of intelligence

bodily-kinesthetic

Kamaka really loves coming up with creative ways to help adults who have had catastrophic injuries adapt to their new circumstances and enjoy as much independence and fulfillment as possible. This suggests that Kamaka has an abundance of which resource?

motivation

What percentage of people with intellectual disabilities have profound disabilities

1-2%

Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to

environmental factors and cultural biases in IQ tests

Which of the following concepts would a child tend to learn first

bird

What percentage of people with intellectual disabilities have mild disabilities?

85%

The tendency to think of an object being used only in its usual or customary way is called

functional fixedness

Tom believes that people stay who they are, and if they did not do well in school they will never do well in their jobs. He thinks that if you weren't born smart, there's nothing you can do about it–you're just not a smart person and never will be. Tom has a

fixed mindset

Which of the following is an example of a higher-order concept?

animal

While riding in a car, you notice that telephone poles near you are passing by very quickly, whereas telephone poles in the distance are passing by much more slowly. This is an example of

motion parallax

When we organize patterns in order to perceive an entire stimulus rather than just its parts, we are using what type of principle of perception

Gestalt

Social perception is generally based on

superficial characteristics

Bottom-up processing starts with

small features

Sara had a stroke and can no longer recognize the faces of family members or close friends. The stroke most likely affected Sara's

temporal and/or occipital lobes

When our perceptions don't agree with our sensations, a(n) ________ results

illusion

The mental processes we use to form impression of others are called

social perception

The final stage of perception is called

interpretation.

A flashbulb memory is one in which

vivid images are associated with a surprising or strongly emotional event

When old information obstructs the recall of new information, it is called ________interference.

proactive

The notion that memory processes are performed simultaneously rather than in a step-wise sequence is the basis of the ________ model.

parallel processing

The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called ________ memory.

implicit/nondeclarative

The initial process of moving sensory information into the memory storage is called

encoding

Which type of amnesia is rare but typically permanent?

anterograde

Encoding failure is due to

a deficit of adequate transfer of information to long-term memory

The encoding specificity principle states that information retrieval is improved when

conditions of recall are similar to encoding conditions.

A schedule of reinforcement in which rewards are received after an unpredictable amount of time has passed is called a

variable interval schedule

Which type of learning involves coming to understand that two events occur or happen together?

associative

When you add or remove a stimulus after a behavior and the result is a decrease in that behavior, you have used

punishment

Adding a stimulus that strengthens or increases a response is called

positive reinforcement

A Skinner box is the

apparatus used to study the effects of reinforcement on animal behavior

When someone reinforces a series of successive approximations of the desired response, they are engaged in

shaping a behavior

sometimes (but not always) Ellen receives a bonus after doing her job well this keeps her maintaining maximum performance on the job. What type of schedule does this illustrate?

variable ratio

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n)

conditioned stimulus.

What do psychologists call the sudden understanding of how a problem can be solved?

insight

Because one partner in a marriage is unhappy, they often yell at their spouse, who now stays away from them as much as possible, staying late at work and making up errands to get out of the house. The spouse's actions are an example of

avoidance behavior.

Some people burn calories faster than others due, in part, to

more efficient thermogenesis

The parental statement to a child, "We want you to get high grades like the neighbor's son" will tend to lead to

extrinsic motivation

People from different countries may enjoy the same foods in very different ways. People from Ukraine may eat strawberries in stuffed dumplings with a sour cream topping (vareniki z polunytseyu), people from Bangladesh may eat strawberries mashed with spices including chili (strawberry bhorta), and people from some parts of Mexico may enjoy strawberry fritters (strawberry rollkuchen). This is an example of the effects of

cultural conditioning

When gender role prescriptions are overly simplified or unfair and applied to all men or women, they're known as

gender stereotypes

Which of these refers to the desire to perform an act for its own sake

intrinsic motivation

Jennifer has a high need for achievement, and she is coming up for her six-month review at her new job. What kind of feedback will she be most likely to want?

criticism from an honest and competent evaluator

With regard to instinct theory, which one of the following is true?

The list of possible instincts is incredibly large.

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following?

eating, drinking, and body temperature

Which of the following is true of persons who are high in nAch?

They like moderately difficult tasks

Jason is 25 years old and goes against his parents' rules when visiting them by smoking cigarettes inside the house. He feels guilty about it but can't break the smoking habit.The guilt he feels for this behavior is produced by the

superego

Ghasi learns in Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Ghasi vehemently protests that they have never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex, even though they have, in fact, regularly had such sexual fantasies. This is an example of the defense mechanism called

denial

Dr. Bonham, a clinical psychologist, uses the standardized assessment tool mandated by their employer during the initial interview with new clients. Everyone is asked the same questions in the same order to ensure that all the needed information is obtained. This is most consistent with a(n) ________ interview

structured

Victor's religious beliefs prohibit sexual expression until after marriage. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defense mechanism called

sublimation

To prevent the anxiety associated with the ego's failure to satisfy both the id and superego, Freud argued that people develop and use

defense mechanisms

Which theories emphasize the importance of brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics in the development of personality

biological

Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores

high on neuroticism, and Quinn scores low on neuroticism

Sasha is having a romantic encounter with a new person of interest and suddenly addresses them by a previous partner's name. This is an example of

a Freudian slip

Which of the following is true regarding objective personality tests?

They may be culturally biased.

Marissa has panic disorder, in which she experiences unpredictable, unbearable episodes of panic that closely resemble the symptoms of a heart attack and frighten her badly. What criterion for defining abnormality does this description of her disorder represent?

distress

Which perspective assumes that psychological disorders are exaggerated forms of otherwise adaptive behaviors?

evolutionary

False or irrational beliefs that are maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary are called

delusions.

What term do mental health officials use to refer to the generally negative attitudes people have toward mental illness and the negative stereotypes many people have toward those with mental illness?

stigma

Sheila's alcohol use causes her to be late to work or to call out sick due to a hangover at least three times a week. Her boss is seriously considering firing her for these reasons. Which criterion for diagnosing psychological disorders does this best represent?

dysfunction

MRI studies of people with schizophrenia have found that they have which of these in comparison to people without schizophrenia

larger cerebral ventricles

Someone who experiences episodes of mania and cycles between manic and depressive periods has symptoms that are consistent with

bipolar disorder.

A unique and relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is called a

personality

The idea that a person will launch their inner thoughts, feelings, and conflicts onto an ambiguous stimulus is the basis for which method of personality assessment?

projective