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Biology - B1 > Exam Questions > Flashcards

Exam Questions Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Why do animals have horns?

A

For defence

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2
Q

What is meant by natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

Which then go on and breed

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3
Q

Describe two trends in evolution of the human skeleton

A

Increase in height

Shorter arms

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4
Q

Why did people disagree with Darwin?

A

Religious objection

Insufficient evidence

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5
Q

Give one way in which Darwin’s theory differed from Lamarck’s

A

Darwin’s theory depends on differences in genes at birth

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6
Q

Give one way a student could obtain more accurate results

A

Sample a great height

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7
Q

What is the main purpose of pre-clinical testing?

A

Testing for toxicity

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8
Q

In phase 1 of the clinical testing, very low dose of the new drug are uses on a small number of volunteers. What is the main purpose of Phrase 1 testing?

A

Testing for side effects

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9
Q

In phase 1 testing, healthy volunteers are used rather than patients, why?

A

Might conflict with patient’s treatment

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10
Q

What is the main purpose for phrase 2 and 3 testing?

A

To find the optimum dose

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11
Q

What is meant by a placebo?

A

A tablet that does not contain the tested drug

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12
Q

During the testing of a drug, who knows patients are receiving?

A

Neither patients not doctor

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13
Q

What is meant by metabolic rate?

A

Rate of chemical reactions in cells

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14
Q

Cholesterol is carried around the body by the two types of lipoprotein: low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs ). Describe the relationship between the two types of lipoproteins and heart health

A

LDL causes heart disease
HDL helps prevent heart disease
Balance important for good heart health

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15
Q

How do viruses cause illness?

A

Reproduce in cell

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16
Q

Why may a group of people (Indians)get a disease and another not (TV crew)?

A

They may be immune
They crew had previous exposure to flu
Indians caught disease form the TV crew

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17
Q

Name the gland which:

FSH

A

Pituitary

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18
Q

Name the gland which:

Oestrogen

A

Ovary

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19
Q

What proportion of a 28 day menstrual cycle is the fertile period?

A

25%

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20
Q

A woman does not usually become pregnant after intercourse on day 9. However, she may become pregnant after intercourse on day 17 of the cycle. Suggest an explanation for this

A

Day 17 infertile period

Day 9 sperm dies before reaching the egg

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21
Q

Which structure in the Nucleus contains 99.5% of a cell’s genitc information?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Evaluate how the production of rabbit-human embryo may help research into human diseases

A

Pros:
Overcomes shortage if human eggs
Reduces test in adult humans

Cons
Ethical issues of experimenting with rabbits
Religious objections to killing embryos

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23
Q

What does a thick coat do?

A

Reduces heat loss

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24
Q

Who is a seal adapted to swim?

A

Streamlined
Flippers
Powerful tail

Swim in cold conditions:
Fat-insulates
Large mass to area ratio - heat loss reduced

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25
Name the piece of apparatus used in sampling a 1m2 piece of land
Quadrat
26
Describe how a quadrate is used
Use a transect Sample every meter Count plants in quadrate
27
What is meant by pandemic?
Worldwide
28
Explain why a new mutation of the influenza virus might cause another influenza pandemic
New strain of flu Vaccination not effective People not immune People travel between countries spreading infection
29
Suggest two reasons for the difference in the number of deaths from heart disease in men and women between the ages of 40-60
Men smoke more | Genetic factors
30
Give three main stages in testing a new drug before it is sold
Laboratory tests Tests for side effects on volunteers Testing for optimum dose
31
Explain what is meant by a clone
Genetically identical
32
Describe how the process of adult cell cloning could be used to clone a frozen mouse
Remove the nucleus of the egg Insert genetic material from frozen mouse Electric shock
33
Most people would be opposed to cloning a human from a dee-frozen, londpg-dead relative, why?
Not know if it is safe
34
Explain why flamencos have long legs terms of: | Darwin's theory
Mutation Ones with longer legs could feed in deeper water Survive and reproduced
35
Explain why flamencos have long legs terms of: | Lamarck's theory
Flamingos stretch their lungs to be able to feed in deeper water Longer legs inherited by offspring
36
Name two hormones that stimulates the ovaries
FSH and LH
37
What is sexual reproduction?
Fusion of gametes and sperm
38
A sores has characteristics of a zebra and a horse, why?
Mixture of genes from both parents
39
Describe how Aleut cell cloning could be used to clone a horse
``` Skin cell from zorse Unfertilised egg cell from horse Remove nucleus from the egg cell Take nucleus from skin cell Then give electric shock Causing the cell to divide Then place embryo in womb ```
40
Other than measles which two diseases does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Mumps | Rubella
41
Describe what happens in the body after immunisation to stop a person catching measles in the future
White blood cell Produces antibodies If reinfected antibodies production will be faster
42
The biomass in the five ladybirds than the biomass in the bean plant, why?
Not all digested Not all eaten Loss of carbon dioxide Loss in urine
43
The carbon in dead bean plants is returned to the atmosphere via the carbon cycle. Describe this part of the carbon cycle
Microorganisms breakdown bean plant | Respiration of microorganism release carbon dioxide
44
What is a hormone?
Chemicals that control body functions
45
Name an organ that fro duces a hormone
Glands
46
How are hormones transported?
In the blood
47
Describe how the function of hormones FSH, oestrogen and LH are involved in the control of the me steal cycle
FSH stimulates oestrogen production Oestrogen inhibits FSH LH stimulates egg release
48
What scientific term describes a change in a gene?
Mutation
49
What is the true tested on in lavatories before clinic trials?
Cells Tissues animals
50
Drugs must be trialled before the drug can be used on patients, why?
``` To test for: Toxicity Interaction with other drugs efficientcy Dosage ```
51
The receptor in a leg muscle in a leg is sensitive to a stimulus, suggest which one
Stretch
52
Describe what happens at the synapse during the reflex of a leg
Chemical released Diffuses across synapse Transmits impulse between neurons
53
What type of food chain provides the largest biomass and energy and why?
The shortest chain | Because less loss in waste and respiration
54
Describe how are animals adapted to survive in dry conditions
Decrease in surface area - reduces area from which waste may be loss Fat in hump to convert water via respiration Long lashes to keep dust put of their eyes
55
Describe how are plants adapted to survive in dry conditions
Reduce surface area - reduces waste loss Wide spread roots to absorb more water Fleshy / thick stem to store water
56
The dead plants in a nest decay. The decay process helps to keep the eggs warm, how?
Microorganism respire | Respiration releases energy
57
Megapode birds open and close the air vent of their nest at different time of the day, why?
Allows oxygen in Oxygen needed for respiration Allows release of carbon dioxide
58
Suggests one advantage of the population as a whole of children having the second MMR vaccination
Less change of spread of disease
59
What does a vaccine contain?
Dead or inactive pathogens
60
Explain how vaccines prevent infection
White blood cells produce antibodies Antibodies produced rapidly These antibodies kill pathogens
61
Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat measles
Antibiotics don't kill viruses because measles virus live inside cells
62
Why do antibiotics become less useful at treating an infection of the Antibiotic is overused?
Pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics
63
Describe how information passes from the relay neurone to the motor neuron
Release of chemical from relay neuron Chemical crosses synapse Chemical attaches to motor causing an impulse
64
What was the drug thalidomide originally developed to treat?
As a sleeping pill
65
Soon after it was developed, thalidomide was found to be useful in treating another condition, what was this?
Morning sickness
66
Describe the harmful effect of thalidomide
Limb defects
67
Suggest why the harmful effect of thalidomide had not been detected during clinical trials
Drugs not tested on pregnant people
68
What happen in the body to make someone dependant on drugs?
Changes the chemical process
69
Suggest one piece of information about legal drugs that would need to be considered before the classification if these drugs change
The harm it does
70
In the 1800s, many scientists could not decide whether Lamarck's theory or Darwin's theory was right, why?
Insufficient evidence | Mechanism of hip hesitance not known
71
Before the 1800s, many people had a difficult idea to explain where all the living things on Earth came from, what was this idea?
God made all living things
72
Describe how scientist can transfer the gene form Bacillus thuringiensis to maize plant
Gene cut out from bacterial DNA gene sliced into maize DNA Gene added at an early stage of development
73
Pros and cons of GM maize
``` Pros: Less effort from farmers Pesticides always there Less insects to eat crops So greater crop production ``` Cons: Kills other insects So some crops don't get polluted Possible harm when eaten by humans or animals
74
Painkillers do not cure infectious diseases, why?
They don't kill pathogens
75
In the carbon cycle what is the process from: Microorganisms to the atmosphere Fossils to the atmosphere
Respiration | Combustion
76
Describe the part played by algae in the carbon cycle
Photosynthesis release carbon dioxide Eaten by animals Fed on microorganisms
77
I tropical rain forests respiration from microorganism is much faster than in most habitats, why?
Moist Warm A lot of microorganism A lot of material to decay
78
Describe how plants and animals have adapted to reduce the risk of beinging eaten by predators
``` Camouflage Warning colours Thorns Long ears Poisons ```
79
In a plant: Where is the detection of light stimulus Where in the shoot doe a the response of light take place
Detection in tip | Response behind tip
80
Which part of the vaccine stimulates the body's defence system?
Inactive pathogens
81
After an injection why does the person not get the disease after coming in contact with it?
White blood cells produced Antibodies produced quickly These antibodies destroy the pathogen
82
Why may a new strain spread rapidly?
Antibiotics ineffective to resistant pathogens which survived. These pathogens would reproduce. The population of resistant pathogens increase
83
Describe how scientists produce the genetically modified zebra fish
Jellyfish genes cut out Gene transferred to zebra fish at early stages of development Enzymes used to help this process
84
Some scientist are worried about the production genetically modified zebra fish, why
Effect the food chain | Effects on the zebra fish themselves, e.g. May out compete non-GM zebra fish
85
Explain the advantages of a tree having: | Shallow root spread out over a large area
Increased water uptake after rain
86
Explain the advantages of a tree having: | Large, bulb-like roots deep in the soil
Water storage
87
Explain why some desert plants have leaves which are covered with a layer if wax and fold together during the day
Reduced water lose Wax protects plants Folding reduces surface area
88
Name to hormones in IVF
FSH | LH
89
Describe the process of IVF
``` Eggs collected from ovary Eggs mixed with sperm Fertilised egg divides Embryo formed Embryos inserted into womb FSH matures egg and LH releases egg ```
90
Why are hand-gels placed at the entrance of a hospital?
Kills bacteria and reduces transfer of illnesses
91
Explain as full as you can how MRSA strains become difficult to treat
Mutation causes resistance to antibiotics
92
Name two diseases linked to obesity (not including cancer)
Arthritis Diabetes High blood pressure
93
Why does an increase in exercise help a person lose weight?
Increase metabolic rate exercise needs energy so fat is used
94
What happens to people's body when they become dependent on a drug?
Drugs alter chemical process in the body | They person suffers from withdrawal sump toms with out the drug
95
Why is the effect of alcohol much more than the effect of heroine?
Many more people use alcohol | Less harmful effect multiplied
96
Pros and cons of adult cloning to conserve endangered species
Pros: Useful in species difficult to breed Prevents extinction Cons: Development problems Cloning reduce S gene pool

Biology - B1 (17 decks)

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