Exam Questions Flashcards by Libby K

What are 3 approaches to environmental protection?

Policy
Education
research
Law
Voluntary

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In what year was the first framework convention on climate change?

1992

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Name a government department with environmental and/or rural responsibilities.

DEFRA

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What is the National Planning Policy Framework?

Sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these should be applied. It allows locally-prepared plans for housing and other development to be
produced.

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List two objectives of the English planning system.

Make effective use of natural resources
Enhance the environment
Promote social cohesion/inclusion
Strengthen economic prosperity

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List three methods of managing / disposing of waste.

Landfill
Composting
Export
RRR
Energy production

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List three types of flooding.

Fluvial
Flash
Tidal
Sewage
Groundwater
Potable water

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Outline how Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems can help manage surface water runoff and hence flooding?

They mimic natural drainage

Water is infiltrated into ground, held in storage areas and the water flow rate is reduced

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Identify the name of one of the principal shale gas plays in the USA.

National energy security
Employment
Local economy

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Identify the name of the shale formation which underlies much of northern England

Carboniferous Bowland-Hodder

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What are the two principal compositional elements of

hydraulic fracturing fluid? Give rough percentages by volume.

Water - 95%

Sand - 5%

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Identify the three principal elements of the tripartite organising framework for place attachment.

Person
Place
Process

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Identify three environmental pressures facing marine areas.

Also identify a potential impact of each pressure.

Acidification - Coral reef loss, changes to fish balance and behaviour
Over-exploitation - Collapsed fish stocks, ecological imbalance
Noise Pollution - Habitat displacement, expansion of swim bladders, mass stranding of marine mammals
Pollution - Toxins mimic hormones in some species which affects reproduction, contamination of food chain

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What is an albatross bolus?

Is a ball of materials produced from objects that the albatross cannot digest

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What is the difference between an invasive, and an alien

species?

Invasive - Negatively affects native populations

Alien - Non-native but doesn’t disrupt current populations/environment

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Give two ways in which an invasive species might be

introduced into a new environment.

Trade
Sport
Garden escapes (Rhododendron)
Natural movement changes (climate change)

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For a named countryside/environmental management issue provide an example of a relevant:
Research organisation
Government department
Campaigning organisation

Climate change - IUCN, IPCC, Greenpeace

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Bowland is the name given to a geological formation of which rock type?

Shale

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Name three forms of renewable electricity generation.

Hydroelectric
Wind
Solar
Tidal

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Three disadvantages of fossil fuels for electricity production.

Finite resource
GHG emissions
Price volatility

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Three advantages of renewables

Infinite
Energy security
Low GHG emissions

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Three disadvantages of renewables

Sometimes intermittent
Developing technology
Cost
Planning issues (Eg. NIMBY)

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What are two principle categories of solar collector?

Solar thermal

Solar PV

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Four advantages of the extraction of shale gas

Improves national energy security
Employment
Possible decrease to fuel bills
Improves local economy

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Four disadvantages of the extraction of shale gas

Methane emissions Industrialisation of green space Potential links to 1) water pollution and 2) seismic activity

‘An emotional bond formed by an individual to a physical location due to the meaning given to that location through processes of person-environment interactions’ is a definition for what term?

Place attachment

Identify three characteristic traits of an individual who | displays 'place attachment'

Happiness Pride Love

When a road cuts through an ecosystem (such as a forest) and reduces the overall area of that ecosystem, this term is known as?

Habitat fragmentation

Complete the sentence using appropriate terminology: When using biofuels a) ……………..…………….. is considered a petrol replacement, and b) ……………..………….. is considered a diesel replacement.

a) Bioethanol | b) Biodiesel

Define 'ecosystem services'

Benefits provided by ecosystems that benefit human life and make it possible/worth living

Define 'natural capital'

World's stocks of natural assets including, geology, soil air, water and all living things

Define 'geoengineering'

Large scale manipulation of an environmental process that affects the Earth's climate in an attempt to counteract global warming.

Name a common solution to habitat fragmentation

Green bridges

Travel and transport interact with five recognised subdivisions of the environmental system. What are the five subdivisions called? a) ........................... Sphere b) ........................... Sphere c) ........................... Sphere d) ........................... Sphere e) ........................... Sphere

a) Atmosphere b) Hydrosphere c) Lithosphere d) Aquatic Ecosphere e) Land Ecosphere

What are three impacts of transportation on the atmosphere?

Diffusion of pollutants Climate changes Acid rain Photochemical reactions caused by UV rays (Eg. over ozone)

What are three impacts of transportation on the hydrosphere?

Diffusion of pollutants in a dissolved state Melting of more acidic snow enters aquatic ecosystems and lowers their pH Increased solubility of several metals owing to acidification Contamination of ground and underground water due to nitrates

What are three impacts of transportation on the lithosphere?

Acid depositions Loss of soil flora and fauna Fixation by plants of heavy metals Extraction of raw materials and energy

What are three impacts of transportation on the aquatic ecosphere?

Reproductive impediments Reduction of nutrients available to aquatic species Reduction in bacterial treatment of organic matter by nitrification

What are three impacts of transportation on the land ecosphere?

Soil erosion causes damage to vegetation and affects growth Reduction of genetic potential of species Consumption of resources Alterations to food supply and food chain

What is the main material (feedstock) used in the production of: a) 1st generation biofuels b) 2nd generation biofuels c) 3rd generation biofuels

a) Oil crops b) Lignocellulosic and waste c) Microalgae

What is the name of the process by which biochar is produced?

Pyrolysis - direct thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen which produces a mixture of solid, liquid and gas products

What are two of the major drawbacks of hydrogen fuel technology that remain to be overcome?

Hydrogen is hard to contain - small so easily leaks from containers Low energy density by volume

What site based designation originates from the Birds Directive (EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds (79/409/EEC) came into force in April 1979?

SPAs

Which organisation in England is responsible for designating Sites of Special Scientific Interest?

Natural England

Briefly explain the difference between a SSSI and an NNR.

SSSIs are internationally recognised as areas of protection whereas NNRs are only recognised in the UK.

Name one international designation that seeks to protect the natural environment.

Ramsar sites | Biosphere reserves

Briefly explain the difference between an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a National Park.

NRs conserve and enhance natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage AONBs only conserve natural beauty

Which Government agency is responsible for flood management?

Environment Agency

Which organisation is responsible for the day to day management of surface water flooding?

Local Authority

List three reasons why surface water flooding occurs.

Impermeable surfaces Poor management of waterways Fly-tipping causing blockages

What is Natural Flood Management?

Natural processes are used to reduce the risk of flooding and coastal erosion. Eg. creating salt marshes to reduce wave energy or restoring river bends

Identify three environmental pressures caused by ‘big dams’.

Changes to water discharge downstream Changes to water quality (Eg. anaerobic decomposition and nutrient enrichment) Triggering of earthquakes Changes to water table

Name three ways in which dams can be designed to reduce negative impacts.

Steep valley Reservoir with a large surface area Little/no submerged vegetation

When focusing on types of organisations what does CART | stand for?

Conservation Amenity and Recreation Trust

Provide an example of a CART

RSPB

What percentage of the globe is covered in ocean?

Name an environmental issue associated with each of the following types of fishing: a) Bottom trawling b) Gill nets

a) Damages seabed | b) Captures non-target species

Name two potential negative impacts of noise pollution on | marine life

Strandings of marine mammals due to military sonar | Expansion of swim bladders (from piling)

For one invasive species, name a method of control | that has been used.

Grey Squirrel - Shooting | American Mink - Live capture trapping then shooting

When it comes to addressing concerns over environmental protection briefly explain what is meant by the 'polluter pays principle'

The party responsible for producing the pollution is responsible for the damage caused to the natural environment.

When it comes to addressing concerns over environmental protection briefly explain what is meant by the 'precautionary principle'

Without scientific consensus, a policy/action that is harmful to the environment may not be considered harmful.

Name a European site based designation that can be | used to protect the natural environment.

SPAs | SACs

National Parks were created with two purposes – what | are they?

Conserve/enhance beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage | Promote opportunities for public understanding and enjoyment of features

Provide an example of a feedstock (i.e. material used for | production) for 1st generation biofuels

Rapeseed Cotton Sunflower

What are the three outputs of pyrolysis?

Syngas Bio-oil Black carbon

What are the two principal categories of wind turbine?

Horizontal axis | Vertical axis

Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of hydraulic fracturing for the extraction of shale gas.

Ads - National energy security, improved local economy, employment, potential decrease to fuel bills Disads- methane emissions, industrialisation of green space, water pollution, seismic activity

Name two different types of marine noise pollution, their | sources, and their potential impacts on marine life

IMPULSIVE, piling, ruptures swim bladders | CONTINUOUS, shipping, habitat displacement

Explain how ‘Big Dams’ are defined and give a named | example of a big dam.

Structures above 15m in height above their foundations | Aswan large dam

Define a 'major' dam.

Structure that exceeds 150m

Who is primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of a SSSI?

The land owner

What is the most recently designated National Park?

South Downs

What was the first designated National Park?

Peak district

Explain why it is difficult to establish who should take | responsibility for the management of marine issues such as pollution.

Oceans have no borders and there is often conflict over rights and access to seas and therefore conflict over who is responsible.

Identify two measures that are in place to help support the | management of marine areas.

Marine conservation zones | Marine strategy framework directive

Exam Questions Flashcards

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